amyloidosis

Explanation The most common type of amyloidosis Primary amyloidosis: Usually together with Multiple Myeloma and Monoclonal gammopathy of plasma cell disorders. Secondary Amyloidosis: Rheumatoid arthritis, osteomyelitis; Malaria is with a variety of chronic inflammatory illnesses such as tuberculosis and leprosy. Familial amyloidosis: Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is associated with. Hemodialysis amyloidosis: It is with renal hemodialysis. What are the symptoms? Which varies depending on what level of organ involvement. Weakness Weight Loss gastroparesis the pSEUDOOBSTRUCTION malabsorption Diarrhea macroglossia Peripheral Neuropathy Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ascites hepatomegaly dyspnea Interstitial Lung Disease Congestive Heart Failure arrhythmia Sudden death Hiler Adenopathy Mediastinal Adenopathy symmetric Polyarthritis Periarticular soft tissue swelling (consistency rubber) Papules on the skin (translucent, waxy) Purpura (periorbital) Edema Renal Failure nephrotic Syndrome Dementia (may play a role in the development of Alzheimer's Disease) What are the reasons? Primary Amyloidosis Diseases such as plasma, light chain (AL) is associated with excess immunoglobulin production. Secondary Amyloidosis in chronic inflammatory condition amyloid fibrillar proteins (A) is carried out in excess, and the degradation products of serum amyloid protein (SAA) phases occurs. Familial amyloidosis Familial Mediterranean fever, occur with excessive amyloid fibrillar amyloid protein made. Hemodialysis Amyloidosis Normally excreted by the kidneys, but can not consist of amyloid beta-2-microglobulin containing discarded by hemodialysis. What are the care and advice? If heart failure develops or serious complications such as renal failure are hospitalized. beta2-microglobulin should start to clear in Hemodialysis Peritoneal Dialysis amyloidosis. protein and salt are restricted in renal failure. In heart failure, salt restriction. What are the ways of treatment? Primary Amyloidosis Treatment of the underlying plasma cell disease Melphalan and prednisone are the drugs of choice for the plasma cell disease. Colchicine; It can slow amyloid deposition. Secondary Amyloidosis Underlying inflammatory disease treatment Tacrine, mild to moderate dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease. Familial amyloidosis Colchicine 0.6 mg 2-3 times a day Hemodialysis amyloidosis Primary Amyloidosis monitoring of monoclonal protein levels to assess response to treatment is necessary. monitoring of renal function to assess response to treatment. Hemodialysis and Secondary Amyloidosis Monitoring of renal function, underlying disease control and for evaluating the impairment, makes. What are the ways of treatment? Primary Amyloidosis Treatment of the underlying plasma cell disease Melphalan and prednisone are the drugs of choice for the plasma cell disease. Colchicine; It can slow amyloid deposition. Secondary Amyloidosis Underlying inflammatory disease treatment Tacrine, mild to moderate dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease. Familial amyloidosis Colchicine 0.6 mg 2-3 times a day Hemodialysis amyloidosis Primary Amyloidosis monitoring of monoclonal protein levels to assess response to treatment is necessary. monitoring of renal function to assess response to treatment. Hemodialysis and Secondary Amyloidosis Monitoring of renal function, underlying disease control and for evaluating the impairment, makes.

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alopecia

What are the symptoms? Hair loss Tinea in Capitis; Itching scaling of the skin Broken hair (Traction alopecia is) inflammation Alopecia Areata, Alopecia hair thinned at the border of the plate Alopecia is not easily handled the hair around the plate. What are the reasons? Telogen Loss Postpartum Medications (oral contraceptives, anticoagulants, Retinoids, Beta blockers, chemotherapeutic agents, interferon) Physical or psychological stress Hormonal (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, hypopituitarism) Nutritional (malnutrition, iron deficiency, zinc deficiency) Diffuse alopecia areata Anagen Loss mycosis fungoides X-ray treatment Drugs (Chemotherapeutic Agents, allopurinol, levodopa, bromocriptine) Poisoning (bismuth, arsenic. Gold, boric acid, thallium) Cicatricial Alopecia Congenital Defects or Developments Infections (leprosy, syphilis, Varisella- Zoster Cutaneous Leishmaniasis) Basal cell cancer epidermal nevus Physical agents (acids and alkalis, burns, frostbite, radyodermit) cicatricial pemphigoid lichen planus Sarcoidosis Androgenic Alopecia Adrenal hyperplasia Polycystic Ovary carcinoid Pituitary hyperplasia Drugs (testosterone, danazol, ACTH, anabolic steroids, progesterone) Alopecia areata Unknown (autoimmune?) Traction alopecia is Trichotillomania (pull hair) Tense way to collect hair, to wear buckles Tinea capitis microspores and trichophyton Maintenance and recommendations? Telogen Loss: medication, stress, malnutrition, such as 3 months after the event started with the maximum loss would be improved and the removal of the cause. Rarely is permanent baldness. Anagen Loss: a few days or a few weeks after the spill begins from a start event, why recovery occurred after the disappearance of is rarely permanent baldness. Cicatricial Alopecia: Hair follicles are damaged irreversibly. The only effective treatment; It is surgery. Graft transplantation, transplantation or flap skatrisl as the excision of methods can be used. Androgenic Alopecia with the use of topical minoxidil for 12 months, it is reported that 39% of those using flour and markedly hair out. Androgenic alopecia is another treatment of surgery, hair transplantation, scalp reduction, such as transposition flap and soft tissue expansion. Alopecia Areata: disease usually recover without treatment within 3 years. But repetition is frequent. Traction alopecia is: pull your hair will be left behind alone. Psychological or psychiatric intervention may be necessary. Successful therapeutic approaches in medicine, behavior modification and hypnosis can be considered. Tinea capitis: Often 6-8 weeks of treatment is required. What are the ways of treatment? Androgenic Alopecia: 2% topical minoxidil Tinea capitis: Children Griseofulvin 10 mg / kg / day, Ketoconazole 200 mg / day may need to continue treatment for 6-8 weeks. Griseofulvin: Pregnancy, Porphyria, hepatocellular insufficiency, griseofulvin against hypersensitivity If contraindicated. Topical Minoxidil Side Effects Irritation and a burning sensation in the eyes Water and salt retention tachycardia Anjuna Topical steroids Side Effects Local burning and stinging Itching atrophy of the skin telangiectasia Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal steroids Suppression powerful if used for a long time Griseofulvin Side Effects Photosensitivity reaction Lupus-like syndrome oral candidiasis granulocytopenia Ketoconazole Side Effects Anaphylaxis hepatotoxicity oligospermia neuropsychiatric disorders Gynecomastia Topical Minoxidil Interactions: may cause orthostatic hypotension when given with guanethidine. Griseofulvin Interaction: reduces the activity of warfarin. Barbiturates reduce the activity of griseofulvin Ketoconazole Interactions: can enhance the activity of warfarin. Isoniazid and rifampicin, ketoconazole reduces activity. The use concomitantly with phenytoin alters the metabolism of both drugs. When taken together with terfenadine and astemizole may be prolonged QT interval and ventricular phase. H2 blockers or antacids, reducing the absorption of ketoconazole. If necessary, the use of H2 blockers or antacids should be administered at least 2 hours after ketoconazole. Proton pump inhibitors; Omeprazole should be avoided for the same reason.

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PALE

What is Herpes? Cold sores usually the lips, around the mouth and nostrils of the herpes simplex virus is a disease caused by name. Research shows that 80% of the world population that had cold sores at least once in their lifetime. Due to today's 8 million people every year in Turkey is estimated that pale boredom and suffering. Herpes Symptoms and formation phases of What? Herpes in the region will be 0-24 hours in advance tingling, tingling, itching, burning, stinging felt. So that flushing of the area, swelling and then the inside follows the emergence of fluid-filled blisters. These bubbles talking, laughing, eating and drinking gives pain and suffering. Blisters and ulcers explode during this period is very painful cold sores. Once it dries it cracks, leaks and becomes an ugly wound opened distorting the image. When herpes begin crusting begins to shrink. Pale skin of the recovery period falls on, instead of a dry and nervous tissue occurs. Herpes is Contagious? How is it spread? Cold sores are contagious from the time of the closure of the wound open with early signs. towels used by a person with herpes, cups, forks, spoons etc. uçukl of goods and people infected with the result of kissing. If herpes touched other parts of the face, eyes and other parts of the body (such as the genital area) it can be transmitted as well. Attention ! Cold sores are contagious. Herpes virus (herpes simplex) and people usually young, first time (0-5 years) are met. Herpes is one of the family members "Loving" as a result of the kiss of herpes virus enters the body. Mostly unnoticed manifests as small rashes; mouth, gums and lips (gingivostomatitis) becomes infected. But in some sensitive structure it can be seen as serious infections. The results from an infected person uçukl in medical publications are cases of death of the newborn. Cold sores should not be touched. Hands should be washed very well if touched. Uçukluyk that should be avoided touching the eyes. Women should be careful when cleaning up. Especially in infants, children and other people should be kissed, should avoid close contact. Uçukl towels used by the person, cups, forks, spoons etc. items should be separated and should not be allowed to use the others. And herpes cold sores should not be played with the shell of the wound. (Fingers are infected with herpes virus, also be infected with other germs in the wound herpes). Why Recurrent herpes / repeats? Herpes that causes herpes simplex virus settles into that next ganglion region after its first infection enter the body and engages factors that triggers cold sores occur, meaning that it stays there until it weakened the body. What are the factors that trigger the formation herpes? Stress Fever, colds, flu Excessive sun rays and ultraviolet rays Hormonal changes (pregnancy, menstruation) Excessive fatigue and insomnia interventions for tooth (tooth extraction filling etc.). Other infections excessive alcohol How is hedged through a cold sore? First, you need to avoid situations that cause herpes relapse. The developing due to stress; learn relaxation techniques to reduce our stress. The cause fatigue and insomnia; relax and sleep well. The sun causes it; For cream or lip balm with a high SPF sunscreen and hat use must protect the face from the sun. Despite all the measures taken can still recurrent herpes. Front symptoms (tingling, itching, burning, stinging) should apply antiviral cream with a short break point when he felt. Herpes will not come at all or even if it will be mild. If your immune system is weak If you are having cold sores or frequent use may be protective antiviral tablets contact your doctor. important to eat healthy to stay away from cold sores. Research on the formation of some food while reducing the pale, shows that some are easier to repeat the pale. Researchers of the herpes virus in dieting foods containing Lysine to take action, are also suggested to stay away from foods that contain arginine. For this purpose, lysine diet containing chicken, potatoes, milk, brewer's yeast, beans and fish food should be taken, chocolate contains Arginine, peanuts, beer, grapes, should stay away from foods like corn flakes.

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PARONİŞİ

Definition Often it occurs in children. formed between an infection in the cuticle and nail bed Clinical findings Nail biting habit which may occur due to exposure and water for a long time. In immunocompromised patients, the oluşabilir.yüzeyel sensitive bulla, on erythematous ground occurs in the distal phalanx anterior fat tissue and can spread to the nail bed. dactylitis of the distal extremities with painful blisters bubble is characterized by painful blisters on your fingers beds. etiology Factors often S. pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococci are the most frequent. Oral anaerobes, may be active fungi such as Fusarium in patients immunosuppressed Diagnosis Gram stain: Gram-positive cocci in chains or clusters of liquid that occurs. Treatment Incision and drainage. rarely you need antimicrobial agents in healthy individuals. The preferred penicillin factors S. pyogenes, S. aureus is dicloxacillin, I.jenerasyo ​​the cephalosporins, macrolides clindamycingib the Antistaphylococcal agent used in patients allergic to verilir.penisil. Treatment Incision and drainage. rarely you need antimicrobial agents in healthy individuals. The preferred penicillin factors S. pyogenes, S. aureus is dicloxacillin, I.jenerasyo ​​the cephalosporins, macrolides clindamycingib the Antistaphylococcal agent used in patients allergic to verilir.penisil. Doses: Penicillin Oral penisilinv; From 25000 to 90000 U / kg / day, four doses, 10 days in adults; 250 mg orally, 4 times / day or benzathine penicillin G for 300 children 000-600000 1200 000 adults applied as a single dose into muscles. Amoxycillin: 25-50mg / kg / day, in three doses in adults: 1.5 g. Two or three doses Ampicillin: 50-100mg / kg / day, in 4 doses in adults: 2-4 g / day, in 4 doses 1.jenerasyo ​​of oral cephalosporins: Cephadroxil oral; 30mg / kg / day, in two divided doses, 2 g in adults. been divided into two doses, Cefpodoxime; 10mg / kg / day in 2 doses, adult 800 mg, divided into two doses, cefprozil; 15-30mg / kg / day divided into two doses, adult to 1 g / day in two divided doses, Ceftibuten 9 mg / kg / day, a dose of cephalexin; 25-50mg / kg / day divided into 4 doses daily dose of 1-4 g in adults, cephradine; 25-50mg / kg / day in 2-4 doses 250mgx4 dose in adults. Erythromycin: Newborn dose: low weight babies than 2000gr.; 10 mg / kg weight in 12 hours, at greater than 2000gr.; 10mg / kg every 8 hours, 20-50mg / kg dose in adults 2-4 as a 250-500mg every 6 hours. Azithromycin 5-12mg / kg day single dose in adults: 500 mg / day, or 0.5 gr.dah first day then 250 mg / day total dose of 5 gün.maksim; 600 mg. Clarithromycin 7.5 mg / kg / day in two divided doses, adult to 1 g / day, in two divided doses ,. 10 days is given. Dicloxacillin: 3.125-6.25 mg / kg-cloxacillin 12.5 mg / kg four dividing adults 250mg orally 4 times / day) or cephalosporins: cephalexin, cephradine (25-50mg / kg) divided in half (in adults 250mg orally, 4 times a day) or, cefadroxil 30mg / kg / day, in two divided doses used. Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid: 25-45 mg / kg / day in 2-3 doses (depending on the formulation) in adults: 1.5 gr./g of, at three doses. Clindamycin: infants less than 2000gr. Zealand 5 mg / kg, 12 hours, 1 week to greater than 5 mg / kg every 8 hours, little large and 1 week after 2000gr. 5 mg / kg every 8 hours, great for a week, 5 mg / kg every 6 hours in infants; 15-25mg / kg / day oral dose of 3-4, 150 mg-450 mg in adults orally 4 times a day. Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole: 8 mg / kg / day (according to trimethoprim), 2 doses, adult; 160/800 given orally twice a day from g of com.

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festering sore

Clinical findings Non-bullous form, often on the face and extremities, cut, scratches, insect bites, minor occurs as a result of trauma. Erythematous papules on the ground, and then begins to form small vesicles, pustules and will quickly rupture. Purulent discharge characteristic dry and thick, yellow-green shells are formed. Honeycomb is in view. Itching is common, and with the itch spreads. Is superficial, not ulcerated and infiltrating the dermis does not. Light can be a regional lymphadenopathy. Systemic signs of infection, fever is extremely rare. It is painless and does not leave scars. impetigo caused by streptococci group may sometimes lead to poststreptokokal glomerulonephritis. Bullous impetigo; It occurs in newborns and infants. It begins as vesicles, which then passes into blisters, blisters rupture easily, red surface occurs, the revealed light brown crusts. Often, neck, face and jaw amount. etiology Action is usually to group A beta hemolytic streptococcus or staphylococcus aureus. It may also be combined. Bullous impetigo is a factor in S. aureus (including group II bacteriophage). Newborn in Group B streptococcus may also factors. Epidemiology Streptococcal impetigo is usually the passage in question in physical contact. . Epidemics can. Following impetigo also often colonize the upper respiratory tract. Diagnosis A definitive diagnosis is infected with S. pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus culture in isolation from the region. Microbiological studies usually required. Gram staining can be done. Differential diagnosis Although the initial chickenpox Typically, fungal infections, herpes simplex virus infections, can be confused with acute pustular psoriasis. Treatment Local wound care is useful (washing with soap and water). Topical antibiotics; bacitracin, neomycin-bacitracin, mupirocin is also available. 3 times a day, 7-8 days is usually enough. Common impetigo, if domestic infection, nursery groups or athletic teams and topical agents in bullous impetigo is not enough. If it requires the use of systemic antimicrobial agents; Penicillin or oral amoxicillin is given .. 1.jenerasyo ​​the cephalosporins, penicillin allergy in patients; erythromycin, azithromycin dose is given clarithromycin. Staphylococci is considered to be active, to büllözs; penicillinase-resistant oral penicillin eg dicloxacillin - cloxacillin or I.jenerasyo ​​the cephalosporins; cephalexin, cephradine or, cefadroxil is not used for effective oral kullanılabilir.cefix I Staphylococcus aureus. Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid, Clindamycin or trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole 160/800 administered orally twice daily g of com. Antistaphylococcal other agents can also be used if necessary. the duration of treatment with oral agents is one week. Doses: Penicillin Oral penisilinv; From 25000 to 90000 U / kg / day, four doses, 10 days in adults; 250 mg orally, 4 times / day or benzathine penicillin G for 300 children 000-600000 1200 000 adults applied as a single dose into muscles. Amoxycillin: 25-50mg / kg / day, in three doses in adults: 1.5 g. Two or three doses Ampicillin: 50-100mg / kg / day, in 4 doses in adults: 2-4 g / day, in 4 doses 1.jenerasyo ​​of oral cephalosporins: Cephadroxil oral; 30mg / kg / day, in two divided doses, 2 g in adults. two doses partitioned, Cefpodoxime; 10mg / kg / day in 2 doses, adult 800 mg, divided into two doses, cefprozil; 15-30mg / kg / day divided into two doses, adult to 1 g / day in two divided doses, Ceftibuten 9 mg / kg / day, a dose of cephalexin; 25-50mg / kg / day divided into 4 doses daily dose of 1-4 g in adults, cephradine; 25-50mg / kg / day in 2-4 doses 250mgx4 dose in adults. Erythromycin: Newborn dose: low weight babies than 2000gr.; 10 mg / kg weight in 12 hours, at greater than 2000gr.; 10mg / kg every 8 hours, 20-50mg / kg dose in adults 2-4 as a 250-500mg every 6 hours. Azithromycin 5-12mg / kg day single dose in adults: 500 mg / day, or 0.5 gr.dah first day then 250 mg / day total dose of 5 gün.maksim; 600 mg. Clarithromycin 7.5 mg / kg / day in two divided doses, adult to 1 g / day, in two divided doses ,. 10 days is given. Dicloxacillin: 3.125-6.25 mg / kg-cloxacillin 12.5 mg / kg four dividing adults 250mg orally 4 times / day) or cephalosporins: cephalexin, cephradine (25-50mg / kg) divided in half (in adults 250mg orally, 4 times a day) or, cefadroxil 30mg / kg / day, in two divided doses used. Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid: 25-45 mg / kg / day in 2-3 doses (depending on the formulation) in adults: 1.5 gr./g of, at three doses. Clindamycin: infants less than 2000gr. Zealand 5 mg / kg, 12 hours, 1 week to greater than 5 mg / kg every 8 hours, little large and 1 week after 2000gr. 5 mg / kg every 8 hours, great for a week, 5 mg / kg every 6 hours in infants; 15-25mg / kg / day oral dose of 3-4, 150 mg-450 mg in adults orally 4 times a day. Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole: 8 mg / kg / day (according to trimethoprim), 2 doses, adult; 160/800 given orally twice a day from g of com. Protection To comply with personal hygiene rules. Skin infection that should not be sent to school until 24 hours after the start of antimicrobial therapy, if possible, it should avoid close contact period.

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HAIR inflammation of the bottom

Definition Inflammation of the follicular ostia piyodermidir.kıl settled in the region of a hair follicle and apocrine. Clinic erythematous papule around a hair follicle, pustules develop. etiology Causative bacteria, fungi, although be chemical agent is usually Staphylococcus aureus. However, many bacteria can sometimes be active. After the swimming pool and P. aeruginosa also be immunosuppressive agents. Treatment Topical antibacterials, antifungals are necessary. If necessary Antistaphylococcal used systemic agents.

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Excessive Sweating

excessive Sweating Excessive sweating is mainly due to the sweat glands to be overactive. Sweating, excessive heat is one of the body's mechanisms to dispose of the body. However, some people sweat more than others. Excessive sweating does not necessarily have to be associated with a disease. Usually associated with obesity, because even normal activities such as walking for those who are overweight, and spend more effort than normal weight. Excessive sweating can also be caused by certain drugs. Sometimes it can appear as a manifestation of systemic diseases (such as hyperthyroidism). Try to find the cause of your excessive sweating and place yourself in full: excessive sweating fitted with the stocking is causing your movement, or did you in a warm environment while you sweat excessively than others? Sometimes situations like business meetings with stress and anxiety can lead to excessive sweating. If the causes of stress and the like, to look for ways to relieve yourself. Coffee, tea and other stimulants to stay away from the habit. This type stimulants apocrine sweat glands (located in the body of the hairy and strong - pungent sweat glands produce special) increase their activity. Stimulants such as caffeine could be called a war situation and prepare the body, stimulating the body that ensures that they guard against all kinds of external factors, which in turn increases stress and distress. drink plenty of water, because you must take back the water you lose through sweating. Stay away from environmental stimuli can stimulate the body's sympathetic nervous system; noisy and loud music, things that prevent you to concentrate your work, and you even angry person can be included in this group. You may find yourself in an exercise to relax, such as breathing exercises. Meditation can also help. Regular exercise helps your sweat glands to work regularly. You can lose up to 3 mg of zinc a day with sweat. Zinc especially blood protein and DNA synthesis is required for the functioning of the brain and immune system regularly.

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CONSIDERS

Definition Which leads to ulceration and dermal skin is infection dating back to the epidermis. Treatment is like impetigo. Clinical findings Previously trauma, malnutrition, occurs more frequently in those with poor hygiene and alcoholics. Single or multiple starts as blisters, but the shell would cause ulceration and scarring leaves .. It usually occurs in the lower extremities. etiology Factors: S. aureus or group A streptococci, sometimes with two factors. Diagnosis: The clinical, to culture. Treatment Treatment is like impetigo. Local wound care is useful (washing with soap and water). Topical antibiotics; bacitracin, neomycin-bacitracin, mupirocin is also available. 3 times a day, 7-8 days is usually enough. Common impetigo, if domestic infection, nursery groups or athletic teams and topical agents in bullous impetigo is not enough. If it requires the use of systemic antimicrobial agents; Penicillin or oral amoxicillin is given .. 1.jenerasyo ​​the cephalosporins, penicillin allergy in patients; erythromycin, azithromycin dose is given clarithromycin. Staphylococci is considered to be active, to büllözs; penicillinase-resistant oral penicillin eg dicloxacillin - cloxacillin or I.jenerasyo ​​the cephalosporins; cephalexin, cephradine or, cefadroxil is not used for effective oral kullanılabilir.cefix I Staphylococcus aureus. Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid, Clindamycin or trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole 160/800 administered orally twice daily g of com. Antistaphylococcal other agents can also be used if necessary. the duration of treatment with oral agents is one week. Doses: Penicillin Oral penisilinv; From 25000 to 90000 U / kg / day, four doses, 10 days in adults; 250 mg orally, 4 times / day or benzathine penicillin G for 300 children 000-600000 1200 000 adults applied as a single dose into muscles. Amoxycillin: 25-50mg / kg / day, in three doses in adults: 1.5 g. Two or three doses Ampicillin: 50-100mg / kg / day, in 4 doses in adults: 2-4 g / day, in 4 doses 1.jenerasyo ​​of oral cephalosporins: Cephadroxil oral; 30mg / kg / day, in two divided doses, 2 g in adults. two doses partitioned, Cefpodoxime; 10mg / kg / day in 2 doses, adult 800 mg, divided into two doses, cefprozil; 15-30mg / kg / day divided into two doses, adult to 1 g / day in two divided doses, Ceftibuten 9 mg / kg / day, a dose of cephalexin; 25-50mg / kg / day divided into 4 doses daily dose of 1-4 g in adults, cephradine; 25-50mg / kg / day in 2-4 doses 250mgx4 dose in adults. Erythromycin: Newborn dose: low weight babies than 2000gr.; 10 mg / kg weight in 12 hours, at greater than 2000gr.; 10mg / kg every 8 hours, 20-50mg / kg dose in adults 2-4 as a 250-500mg every 6 hours. Azithromycin 5-12mg / kg day single dose in adults: 500 mg / day, or 0.5 gr.dah first day then 250 mg / day total dose of 5 gün.maksim; 600 mg. Clarithromycin 7.5 mg / kg / day in two divided doses, adult to 1 g / day, in two divided doses ,. 10 days is given. Dicloxacillin: 3.125-6.25 mg / kg-cloxacillin 12.5 mg / kg four dividing adults 250mg orally 4 times / day) or cephalosporins: cephalexin, cephradine (25-50mg / kg) divided in half (in adults 250mg orally, 4 times a day) or, cefadroxil 30mg / kg / day, in two divided doses used. Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid: 25-45 mg / kg / day in 2-3 doses (depending on the formulation) in adults: 1.5 gr./g of, at three doses. Clindamycin: infants less than 2000gr. Zealand 5 mg / kg, 12 hours, 1 week to greater than 5 mg / kg every 8 hours, little large and 1 week after 2000gr. 5 mg / kg every 8 hours, great for a week, 5 mg / kg every 6 hours in infants; 15-25mg / kg / day oral dose of 3-4, 150 mg-450 mg in adults orally 4 times a day. Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole: 8 mg / kg / day (according to trimethoprim), 2 doses, adult; 160/800 g of com orally twice a day.

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Explanation:
Ostensibly or really unexpected and unexplained death of an infant in good condition. Sudden infant death syndrome, aged two weeks to 12 months, most often seen in children ranging and cause of death which is responsible for one third of all deaths in this age group. This syndrome is relatively constant all over the world and the number of cases each year. Among the causes of all deaths in children it takes second place after the accident. US 8,000 to 10,000 infants each year die from this syndrome. This shows that being born alive died due to sudden infant death syndrome, one out of every 400-500 babies. Syndrome more than a third - seen in the fourth month; In premature infants, and children of poor families is encountered more frequently. Again, this syndrome is seen in boys and in winter many of the summer. Almost all babies who died of sudden infant death syndrome, die asleep.

Reasons:
Many theories have been developed for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.

Prenatal and / or thin depending on perinatal brain injury, complex development anomalies to this event
why could it be.

abnormalities of breathing control

obstruction of the upper airways

bronchospasm

Central and peripheral nervous system abnormalities

Cardiac Arrhythmias

The combination of a number of factors and sudden infant death syndrome to trigger a simple infection or environmental changes.

Risk Factors
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Many of death "low risk" would have the baby examined with the group. Risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome:

Race: Americans of African descent. Americans more often

Season: In winter

Time of day: in the morning between 6 and often midnight.

Activity: sleeping

Born: Low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation

Maternal factors: young mothers, smoking or cocaine during the mother's pregnancy

The use of drugs such as opium, maternal anemia, to multiple births.

Sleep: Prone sleeping

Lack Breast feeding

After the birth of life in smoky

Pathologic findings
Postmortem characteristic findings in the audit

frothy secretions from the throat. Sometimes bloody nostrils and mouth secretions

Lung, heart and thymus surface petechiae

congestion and edema in the lung

Increased gliosis in the brain, periadrenal increase brown fat, liver

the hypoxia marker, such as hematopoiesis occurs in every patient.

Maintenance and Precautions
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, which occurs suddenly and can not be treated because of unknown reasons.

However, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Some measures are being applied to avoid:

To stop the use of tobacco and drugs during the mother's pregnancy.

Children should be given the breast.

Children should lie prone and should not be worn too tight.

Children should have a non-smoking environment.

Europe, Australia and New Zealand research on children lay supine result of reduced incidence is plain to see in göstermiştir.birçok organizations in this regard in developing countries and raise the awareness of parents. Babies on their backs or sides are strongly advised to be hospitalized.

Kus baby as he lay against the danger of the aspiration is perhaps the best.

Treatment...
Previously a child to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and lost family time babies in the subsequent birth of cardiopulmonary advised to keep under control.

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ARI ALLERGY

Definition, History and Frequency: An average of 1.5 cm in length bees produce honey, which is a valuable source of nutrients by collecting the sap of the flower. They also provide the flowers and their pollination and fruit formation by carrying pollen between flowers. However, it's useful on some very scary people, these creatures, or even fatal effects. In this case, the result of a bee sting poison (venom) formed by rapidly emerging allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) is defined. Bee allergy is one of allergic diseases attracted attention due to frequent and deadly consequences in society. The first written records of bee allergy BC In 2641 the Egyptian Pharaoh Menses' s huddled by dying belong to the wasp. You're allergic to bees as a result of work done in the world, there are different figures for the incidence (such as 0.5-5%). United States' in every 40 years, Europe 20, Asia as a result of the deaths of around 10 bee stings have been reported. It is known, that many cases are not diagnosed. According to studies done in our country it is allergic to bee seen 2-3%. Bee allergy may seem like other members of the community can be particularly threatening for people dealing with beekeeping received a grant from the state. severe allergic reactions related to bees may be seen in almost every age often fatal reactions are under 20 years of age. severe allergic reactions to bee seen in men of more than twice as often. There are a lot of kinds of bees in the world. The most common cause of allergies with bees; honey bee (Honey bee), yellow bees (Yellow Jacket) and wasps (Wasp, Hornet) d. Clinical Findings: Bee stings as a result of the most common are local reactions. Bees put in place as soon as the needle and heard a sudden sharp pain, then this area becomes red and swollen. Usually without the need for any intervention in one or two hours, and sometimes lasts a day. More rarely, these reactions may take up to 1 week. These people belong to bee allergy antibody (IgE) therapy if the need arises detected. Painkillers and ice packs, and sometimes oral anti-allergic and may be sufficient. except toxic reactions in people allergic to bee allergies if introduced simultaneously by a large number of bees may occur. hypotension in these patients, severe pain, symptoms such as nausea and vomiting may occur. The allergic reactions can cause much more serious local and general reactions. Reactions between the Cikkun bee sting out of findings by the time divided into early and late. Early reactions; After putting the bees usually it begins within 15 minutes and the shorter the duration, intensity is also that very much. which is much more serious than local reactions, systemic reactions in hives and anaphylaxis isolated from Angioma, ranging reactions or even death may occur. Bee allergy inserted several times by bees and particularly occurs in genetically predisposed individuals. The genetically predisposed individuals allergic to bee emergence of allergies must be inserted by the same bee species more than once. So any allergic reaction of the first bee sting does not occur. Just the place stung by bee to bee venom of swelling becomes regional symptoms such as pain and redness. But for the first time taken bee venom against this, we also immunoglobulin E antibodies in people prone to allergic diseases, allergy occurs. As a result of subsequent stings and bee venom, which can have fatal consequences as a result of the interaction between these antibodies anaphylaxis table (bee allergy) may occur. Bee allergy in our country can be seen in other people, but especially common in areas with a lot of bee farming. For example; The bee stings in places where picnic is one of the unfortunately common situation and can cause us to face dramatic consequences. Just from the people for the development of bee bee allergy As mentioned previously, lured by that "sensitivity it was followed" should be. It is also, unfortunately, the reaction again by inserting each bilinml the bees can cause possible come up with larger size. So before the bee stings result only regional redness, much larger reactions as a result of subsequent bee stings in patients with symptoms such as itching may occur. Therefore bee allergy symptoms that the close call with an allergy and immunology specialist at the time of the patients "life insurance" has the meaning. Diagnosis and Treatment: The presence of bee allergy skin tests and blood tests (RAST) can be detected by. More serious reactions are required in advance by bees huddled seen people apply to bees allergy vaccine. This kind of treatment must be administered under specific conditions by an allergy and immunology specialist. Bee allergy is proven and already applied to people with severe reactions to bee story allergy vaccination (immunotherapy) is a treatment method that is almost 100%. people with bee allergies except in this case it refers to as an absolute must bear a tag. In addition, they can apply their adrenaline injector (such as EpiPen® and Fastject®) must necessarily carry with them. Even clothing can be made out immediately after the injection, the patient saves time from a bee sting to a hospital is gone and can even be life-saving. All patients in addition to side with bee allergies should keep their anti-allergic drugs and cortisone injections. It all provides professional help quickly up the chance to be patient life support. We live in the most risky time for the bee stings, especially in this time when we begin to live the summer. Therefore, people who are allergic to bees, and even has a very simple emphasis on bee stings can take to protect themselves from the people at risk of allergies. They are per fixed below. Recommendations with allergies to bees "Do not Write market shopping, wandering around in the garden, "Public places to eat or not eat fruit, fragrant fruit juice, soda drink, "Do not make a picnic, "Perfume, deodorant, cologne's riding, "Fragrant soap, do not use shampoo, "Brightly colored, wearing flowered dress, "Flower collection, insert flowers, "When you go on vacation to investigate whether there is around the beehive, "The killing of wild bees around the hive, the bee released scent attracts other bees on you, "Do not walk barefoot, dressed out possible long sleeves and hem dresses and opt for brown clothing, bees do not like the brown. If you need to use gardening hat and gloves, "Sweaty be attractive to all insects, be careful not to become sweaty in hazardous areas, "Wasp aggressive honey bees are calm, but be careful in hot weather both this weather to be aggressive, "If you try the needle into the honey bee to take a magnifying glass and tweezers, or ask for help from someone else. "Keep Allergy drugs are constantly with you. "Previously severe bee next to people who have had allergies is always necessary to EpiPen® transport. EpiPen® is an injection that you can apply from the upper thigh to yourself. Includes the Epinerf. Anaphylactic Epinephrine is the most important drugs used in shock. In case of bee stings; "Start applying bandage over the place, loosen the bandage every 10 minutes until 3 minutes, "Start A cold applied, "Apply anti-allergic drugs, "If you have an adrenaline rush or use EpiPen®, "AS SOON AS PHD US ... Healthy day with hope ... Assoc. Dr. Genghis KIRMAZ Exp. Dr. Daisy Flag DEĞİRMENCİ

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HEPATITIS B

Definition Hepatitis B, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is formed by an infectious disease. Hepatitis is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world B is the ninth leading cause of death all over the world. Hepatitis B, mild symptoms and not from an infection, the more severe liver disease and cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma in the meantime (liver cancer) can cause various tables ranging. Liver cancer in the world is one of the most common cancers. Inflammation: In response to infectious agents or irritants in the collection of a tissue of inflammatory cells and cytokines. The antigen enters the body and the immune system does not recognize any foreign substances. Antibodies: connect to a foreign antigen by the immune system and a protein complex that it pursues the neutralization purposes. How is hepatitis B transmitted? Hepatitis B, can be transmitted in various ways. Severe infection most common in the region, takes place from mother to child and from child to child. in body fluids such as blood and semen it is known to transmit the virus. (The taking of blood or sexually transmitted infection) Asia-Pacific region, the majority of patients with the virus at a time close to the time of birth or date of birth edinir1 - they move to adulthood 9 out of 10 people who are infected with hepatitis B still infected with hepatitis B olacaklar.2 The rest of the world, the hepatitis B virus, suffered through sexual contact or blood contamination, likely to be obtained in adolescence or adulthood is higher. What are the biological functions of the liver? Liver oil and vitamin absorption of fat absorbed; such as albumin and coagulation factors is an important organ for making protein. in the detoxification of waste, it is still responsible for the liver. of nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream from the liver involved in the intestines; The place is treated prior to synthesis of proteins and other cellular constituents. In addition, the liver stores glucose and vitamins then to be used to dispose of harmful substances from the body, rendering it harmless (detoxification). What is the fate of the hepatitis B virus in the liver? Hepatitis B virus, after infecting them connected to the liver cells, resulting in the development of chronic infection, multiply by a unique mechanism. Circulation, mixing large amounts of virus and viral proteins. How to Make Hepatitis B Virus Disease? Hepatitis B virus placing their genetic material into the liver cells, enables the reproduction routine mechanism proliferation of these cells. The human body immune system, containing the genetic material of the virus into action to attack its liver cells. So the virus damages the liver indirectly. incessant attacks the immune system, resulting in damage to the liver cells and the dead. Hepatitis B is the Natural History How? Hepatitis B infection may be observed in various forms. Acute hepatitis usually heal spontaneously, but is a benign infection progresses the proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis B direction. Chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis, including, liver failure and liver cancer can cause more serious situation to be in. Other informations In some individuals the virus may completely disappear during acute hepatitis. until the end of 25-40% of patients with chronic infection will die as a result of a disease associated with the hepatitis B virus. Organ / tissue transplanted or HIV (AIDS virus) in humans with chronic infection that infected individuals immune problems such as greatly increased. Liver cancer in people developing this usually occurs after 30 -50 years after the acute infection. 75-90% of all liver cancer cases are the result of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is an infectious disease, are ranked ninth in the world in the list of causes of death. More than 2 billion people throughout the world HBV (hepatitis B virus) are infected and 350 million of them, is a chronic carriers of the disease. Hepatitis B virus in liver cells, the infected immune system (germ-infected) destroys indirectly stimulates the liver cells to attack. However, the immune system does not always completely eliminate hepatitis B virus infection. Initially following the infection of hepatitis B symptoms may be mild or private. If symptoms appear, primarily jaundice, loss of appetite and abdominal pain may be in the form. Hepatitis B virus infection may proceed in different ways. Acute hepatitis B continues a period of 4 weeks for 6 months with chronic hepatitis B. The active form of the transition can be as long as 15-30 years. The virus in the blood (viremia of) the most reliable method of putting forward and be counted is monitoring the hepatitis B virus DNA. There are some antigen and antibody tests for the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection. These; Pointing to the chronic hepatitis B virus infection; Testing for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) showing that the increase of the virus; Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) or HBV DNA.

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