amyloidosis

Explanation The most common type of amyloidosis Primary amyloidosis: Usually together with Multiple Myeloma and Monoclonal gammopathy of plasma cell disorders. Secondary Amyloidosis: Rheumatoid arthritis, osteomyelitis; Malaria is with a variety of chronic inflammatory illnesses such as tuberculosis and leprosy. Familial amyloidosis: Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is associated with. Hemodialysis amyloidosis: It is with renal hemodialysis. What are the symptoms? Which varies depending on what level of organ involvement. Weakness Weight Loss gastroparesis the pSEUDOOBSTRUCTION malabsorption Diarrhea macroglossia Peripheral Neuropathy Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ascites hepatomegaly dyspnea Interstitial Lung Disease Congestive Heart Failure arrhythmia Sudden death Hiler Adenopathy Mediastinal Adenopathy symmetric Polyarthritis Periarticular soft tissue swelling (consistency rubber) Papules on the skin (translucent, waxy) Purpura (periorbital) Edema Renal Failure nephrotic Syndrome Dementia (may play a role in the development of Alzheimer's Disease) What are the reasons? Primary Amyloidosis Diseases such as plasma, light chain (AL) is associated with excess immunoglobulin production. Secondary Amyloidosis in chronic inflammatory condition amyloid fibrillar proteins (A) is carried out in excess, and the degradation products of serum amyloid protein (SAA) phases occurs. Familial amyloidosis Familial Mediterranean fever, occur with excessive amyloid fibrillar amyloid protein made. Hemodialysis Amyloidosis Normally excreted by the kidneys, but can not consist of amyloid beta-2-microglobulin containing discarded by hemodialysis. What are the care and advice? If heart failure develops or serious complications such as renal failure are hospitalized. beta2-microglobulin should start to clear in Hemodialysis Peritoneal Dialysis amyloidosis. protein and salt are restricted in renal failure. In heart failure, salt restriction. What are the ways of treatment? Primary Amyloidosis Treatment of the underlying plasma cell disease Melphalan and prednisone are the drugs of choice for the plasma cell disease. Colchicine; It can slow amyloid deposition. Secondary Amyloidosis Underlying inflammatory disease treatment Tacrine, mild to moderate dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease. Familial amyloidosis Colchicine 0.6 mg 2-3 times a day Hemodialysis amyloidosis Primary Amyloidosis monitoring of monoclonal protein levels to assess response to treatment is necessary. monitoring of renal function to assess response to treatment. Hemodialysis and Secondary Amyloidosis Monitoring of renal function, underlying disease control and for evaluating the impairment, makes. What are the ways of treatment? Primary Amyloidosis Treatment of the underlying plasma cell disease Melphalan and prednisone are the drugs of choice for the plasma cell disease. Colchicine; It can slow amyloid deposition. Secondary Amyloidosis Underlying inflammatory disease treatment Tacrine, mild to moderate dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease. Familial amyloidosis Colchicine 0.6 mg 2-3 times a day Hemodialysis amyloidosis Primary Amyloidosis monitoring of monoclonal protein levels to assess response to treatment is necessary. monitoring of renal function to assess response to treatment. Hemodialysis and Secondary Amyloidosis Monitoring of renal function, underlying disease control and for evaluating the impairment, makes.

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alopecia

What are the symptoms? Hair loss Tinea in Capitis; Itching scaling of the skin Broken hair (Traction alopecia is) inflammation Alopecia Areata, Alopecia hair thinned at the border of the plate Alopecia is not easily handled the hair around the plate. What are the reasons? Telogen Loss Postpartum Medications (oral contraceptives, anticoagulants, Retinoids, Beta blockers, chemotherapeutic agents, interferon) Physical or psychological stress Hormonal (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, hypopituitarism) Nutritional (malnutrition, iron deficiency, zinc deficiency) Diffuse alopecia areata Anagen Loss mycosis fungoides X-ray treatment Drugs (Chemotherapeutic Agents, allopurinol, levodopa, bromocriptine) Poisoning (bismuth, arsenic. Gold, boric acid, thallium) Cicatricial Alopecia Congenital Defects or Developments Infections (leprosy, syphilis, Varisella- Zoster Cutaneous Leishmaniasis) Basal cell cancer epidermal nevus Physical agents (acids and alkalis, burns, frostbite, radyodermit) cicatricial pemphigoid lichen planus Sarcoidosis Androgenic Alopecia Adrenal hyperplasia Polycystic Ovary carcinoid Pituitary hyperplasia Drugs (testosterone, danazol, ACTH, anabolic steroids, progesterone) Alopecia areata Unknown (autoimmune?) Traction alopecia is Trichotillomania (pull hair) Tense way to collect hair, to wear buckles Tinea capitis microspores and trichophyton Maintenance and recommendations? Telogen Loss: medication, stress, malnutrition, such as 3 months after the event started with the maximum loss would be improved and the removal of the cause. Rarely is permanent baldness. Anagen Loss: a few days or a few weeks after the spill begins from a start event, why recovery occurred after the disappearance of is rarely permanent baldness. Cicatricial Alopecia: Hair follicles are damaged irreversibly. The only effective treatment; It is surgery. Graft transplantation, transplantation or flap skatrisl as the excision of methods can be used. Androgenic Alopecia with the use of topical minoxidil for 12 months, it is reported that 39% of those using flour and markedly hair out. Androgenic alopecia is another treatment of surgery, hair transplantation, scalp reduction, such as transposition flap and soft tissue expansion. Alopecia Areata: disease usually recover without treatment within 3 years. But repetition is frequent. Traction alopecia is: pull your hair will be left behind alone. Psychological or psychiatric intervention may be necessary. Successful therapeutic approaches in medicine, behavior modification and hypnosis can be considered. Tinea capitis: Often 6-8 weeks of treatment is required. What are the ways of treatment? Androgenic Alopecia: 2% topical minoxidil Tinea capitis: Children Griseofulvin 10 mg / kg / day, Ketoconazole 200 mg / day may need to continue treatment for 6-8 weeks. Griseofulvin: Pregnancy, Porphyria, hepatocellular insufficiency, griseofulvin against hypersensitivity If contraindicated. Topical Minoxidil Side Effects Irritation and a burning sensation in the eyes Water and salt retention tachycardia Anjuna Topical steroids Side Effects Local burning and stinging Itching atrophy of the skin telangiectasia Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal steroids Suppression powerful if used for a long time Griseofulvin Side Effects Photosensitivity reaction Lupus-like syndrome oral candidiasis granulocytopenia Ketoconazole Side Effects Anaphylaxis hepatotoxicity oligospermia neuropsychiatric disorders Gynecomastia Topical Minoxidil Interactions: may cause orthostatic hypotension when given with guanethidine. Griseofulvin Interaction: reduces the activity of warfarin. Barbiturates reduce the activity of griseofulvin Ketoconazole Interactions: can enhance the activity of warfarin. Isoniazid and rifampicin, ketoconazole reduces activity. The use concomitantly with phenytoin alters the metabolism of both drugs. When taken together with terfenadine and astemizole may be prolonged QT interval and ventricular phase. H2 blockers or antacids, reducing the absorption of ketoconazole. If necessary, the use of H2 blockers or antacids should be administered at least 2 hours after ketoconazole. Proton pump inhibitors; Omeprazole should be avoided for the same reason.

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PALE

What is Herpes? Cold sores usually the lips, around the mouth and nostrils of the herpes simplex virus is a disease caused by name. Research shows that 80% of the world population that had cold sores at least once in their lifetime. Due to today's 8 million people every year in Turkey is estimated that pale boredom and suffering. Herpes Symptoms and formation phases of What? Herpes in the region will be 0-24 hours in advance tingling, tingling, itching, burning, stinging felt. So that flushing of the area, swelling and then the inside follows the emergence of fluid-filled blisters. These bubbles talking, laughing, eating and drinking gives pain and suffering. Blisters and ulcers explode during this period is very painful cold sores. Once it dries it cracks, leaks and becomes an ugly wound opened distorting the image. When herpes begin crusting begins to shrink. Pale skin of the recovery period falls on, instead of a dry and nervous tissue occurs. Herpes is Contagious? How is it spread? Cold sores are contagious from the time of the closure of the wound open with early signs. towels used by a person with herpes, cups, forks, spoons etc. uçukl of goods and people infected with the result of kissing. If herpes touched other parts of the face, eyes and other parts of the body (such as the genital area) it can be transmitted as well. Attention ! Cold sores are contagious. Herpes virus (herpes simplex) and people usually young, first time (0-5 years) are met. Herpes is one of the family members "Loving" as a result of the kiss of herpes virus enters the body. Mostly unnoticed manifests as small rashes; mouth, gums and lips (gingivostomatitis) becomes infected. But in some sensitive structure it can be seen as serious infections. The results from an infected person uçukl in medical publications are cases of death of the newborn. Cold sores should not be touched. Hands should be washed very well if touched. Uçukluyk that should be avoided touching the eyes. Women should be careful when cleaning up. Especially in infants, children and other people should be kissed, should avoid close contact. Uçukl towels used by the person, cups, forks, spoons etc. items should be separated and should not be allowed to use the others. And herpes cold sores should not be played with the shell of the wound. (Fingers are infected with herpes virus, also be infected with other germs in the wound herpes). Why Recurrent herpes / repeats? Herpes that causes herpes simplex virus settles into that next ganglion region after its first infection enter the body and engages factors that triggers cold sores occur, meaning that it stays there until it weakened the body. What are the factors that trigger the formation herpes? Stress Fever, colds, flu Excessive sun rays and ultraviolet rays Hormonal changes (pregnancy, menstruation) Excessive fatigue and insomnia interventions for tooth (tooth extraction filling etc.). Other infections excessive alcohol How is hedged through a cold sore? First, you need to avoid situations that cause herpes relapse. The developing due to stress; learn relaxation techniques to reduce our stress. The cause fatigue and insomnia; relax and sleep well. The sun causes it; For cream or lip balm with a high SPF sunscreen and hat use must protect the face from the sun. Despite all the measures taken can still recurrent herpes. Front symptoms (tingling, itching, burning, stinging) should apply antiviral cream with a short break point when he felt. Herpes will not come at all or even if it will be mild. If your immune system is weak If you are having cold sores or frequent use may be protective antiviral tablets contact your doctor. important to eat healthy to stay away from cold sores. Research on the formation of some food while reducing the pale, shows that some are easier to repeat the pale. Researchers of the herpes virus in dieting foods containing Lysine to take action, are also suggested to stay away from foods that contain arginine. For this purpose, lysine diet containing chicken, potatoes, milk, brewer's yeast, beans and fish food should be taken, chocolate contains Arginine, peanuts, beer, grapes, should stay away from foods like corn flakes.

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PARONİŞİ

Definition Often it occurs in children. formed between an infection in the cuticle and nail bed Clinical findings Nail biting habit which may occur due to exposure and water for a long time. In immunocompromised patients, the oluşabilir.yüzeyel sensitive bulla, on erythematous ground occurs in the distal phalanx anterior fat tissue and can spread to the nail bed. dactylitis of the distal extremities with painful blisters bubble is characterized by painful blisters on your fingers beds. etiology Factors often S. pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococci are the most frequent. Oral anaerobes, may be active fungi such as Fusarium in patients immunosuppressed Diagnosis Gram stain: Gram-positive cocci in chains or clusters of liquid that occurs. Treatment Incision and drainage. rarely you need antimicrobial agents in healthy individuals. The preferred penicillin factors S. pyogenes, S. aureus is dicloxacillin, I.jenerasyo ​​the cephalosporins, macrolides clindamycingib the Antistaphylococcal agent used in patients allergic to verilir.penisil. Treatment Incision and drainage. rarely you need antimicrobial agents in healthy individuals. The preferred penicillin factors S. pyogenes, S. aureus is dicloxacillin, I.jenerasyo ​​the cephalosporins, macrolides clindamycingib the Antistaphylococcal agent used in patients allergic to verilir.penisil. Doses: Penicillin Oral penisilinv; From 25000 to 90000 U / kg / day, four doses, 10 days in adults; 250 mg orally, 4 times / day or benzathine penicillin G for 300 children 000-600000 1200 000 adults applied as a single dose into muscles. Amoxycillin: 25-50mg / kg / day, in three doses in adults: 1.5 g. Two or three doses Ampicillin: 50-100mg / kg / day, in 4 doses in adults: 2-4 g / day, in 4 doses 1.jenerasyo ​​of oral cephalosporins: Cephadroxil oral; 30mg / kg / day, in two divided doses, 2 g in adults. been divided into two doses, Cefpodoxime; 10mg / kg / day in 2 doses, adult 800 mg, divided into two doses, cefprozil; 15-30mg / kg / day divided into two doses, adult to 1 g / day in two divided doses, Ceftibuten 9 mg / kg / day, a dose of cephalexin; 25-50mg / kg / day divided into 4 doses daily dose of 1-4 g in adults, cephradine; 25-50mg / kg / day in 2-4 doses 250mgx4 dose in adults. Erythromycin: Newborn dose: low weight babies than 2000gr.; 10 mg / kg weight in 12 hours, at greater than 2000gr.; 10mg / kg every 8 hours, 20-50mg / kg dose in adults 2-4 as a 250-500mg every 6 hours. Azithromycin 5-12mg / kg day single dose in adults: 500 mg / day, or 0.5 gr.dah first day then 250 mg / day total dose of 5 gün.maksim; 600 mg. Clarithromycin 7.5 mg / kg / day in two divided doses, adult to 1 g / day, in two divided doses ,. 10 days is given. Dicloxacillin: 3.125-6.25 mg / kg-cloxacillin 12.5 mg / kg four dividing adults 250mg orally 4 times / day) or cephalosporins: cephalexin, cephradine (25-50mg / kg) divided in half (in adults 250mg orally, 4 times a day) or, cefadroxil 30mg / kg / day, in two divided doses used. Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid: 25-45 mg / kg / day in 2-3 doses (depending on the formulation) in adults: 1.5 gr./g of, at three doses. Clindamycin: infants less than 2000gr. Zealand 5 mg / kg, 12 hours, 1 week to greater than 5 mg / kg every 8 hours, little large and 1 week after 2000gr. 5 mg / kg every 8 hours, great for a week, 5 mg / kg every 6 hours in infants; 15-25mg / kg / day oral dose of 3-4, 150 mg-450 mg in adults orally 4 times a day. Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole: 8 mg / kg / day (according to trimethoprim), 2 doses, adult; 160/800 given orally twice a day from g of com.

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festering sore

Clinical findings Non-bullous form, often on the face and extremities, cut, scratches, insect bites, minor occurs as a result of trauma. Erythematous papules on the ground, and then begins to form small vesicles, pustules and will quickly rupture. Purulent discharge characteristic dry and thick, yellow-green shells are formed. Honeycomb is in view. Itching is common, and with the itch spreads. Is superficial, not ulcerated and infiltrating the dermis does not. Light can be a regional lymphadenopathy. Systemic signs of infection, fever is extremely rare. It is painless and does not leave scars. impetigo caused by streptococci group may sometimes lead to poststreptokokal glomerulonephritis. Bullous impetigo; It occurs in newborns and infants. It begins as vesicles, which then passes into blisters, blisters rupture easily, red surface occurs, the revealed light brown crusts. Often, neck, face and jaw amount. etiology Action is usually to group A beta hemolytic streptococcus or staphylococcus aureus. It may also be combined. Bullous impetigo is a factor in S. aureus (including group II bacteriophage). Newborn in Group B streptococcus may also factors. Epidemiology Streptococcal impetigo is usually the passage in question in physical contact. . Epidemics can. Following impetigo also often colonize the upper respiratory tract. Diagnosis A definitive diagnosis is infected with S. pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus culture in isolation from the region. Microbiological studies usually required. Gram staining can be done. Differential diagnosis Although the initial chickenpox Typically, fungal infections, herpes simplex virus infections, can be confused with acute pustular psoriasis. Treatment Local wound care is useful (washing with soap and water). Topical antibiotics; bacitracin, neomycin-bacitracin, mupirocin is also available. 3 times a day, 7-8 days is usually enough. Common impetigo, if domestic infection, nursery groups or athletic teams and topical agents in bullous impetigo is not enough. If it requires the use of systemic antimicrobial agents; Penicillin or oral amoxicillin is given .. 1.jenerasyo ​​the cephalosporins, penicillin allergy in patients; erythromycin, azithromycin dose is given clarithromycin. Staphylococci is considered to be active, to büllözs; penicillinase-resistant oral penicillin eg dicloxacillin - cloxacillin or I.jenerasyo ​​the cephalosporins; cephalexin, cephradine or, cefadroxil is not used for effective oral kullanılabilir.cefix I Staphylococcus aureus. Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid, Clindamycin or trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole 160/800 administered orally twice daily g of com. Antistaphylococcal other agents can also be used if necessary. the duration of treatment with oral agents is one week. Doses: Penicillin Oral penisilinv; From 25000 to 90000 U / kg / day, four doses, 10 days in adults; 250 mg orally, 4 times / day or benzathine penicillin G for 300 children 000-600000 1200 000 adults applied as a single dose into muscles. Amoxycillin: 25-50mg / kg / day, in three doses in adults: 1.5 g. Two or three doses Ampicillin: 50-100mg / kg / day, in 4 doses in adults: 2-4 g / day, in 4 doses 1.jenerasyo ​​of oral cephalosporins: Cephadroxil oral; 30mg / kg / day, in two divided doses, 2 g in adults. two doses partitioned, Cefpodoxime; 10mg / kg / day in 2 doses, adult 800 mg, divided into two doses, cefprozil; 15-30mg / kg / day divided into two doses, adult to 1 g / day in two divided doses, Ceftibuten 9 mg / kg / day, a dose of cephalexin; 25-50mg / kg / day divided into 4 doses daily dose of 1-4 g in adults, cephradine; 25-50mg / kg / day in 2-4 doses 250mgx4 dose in adults. Erythromycin: Newborn dose: low weight babies than 2000gr.; 10 mg / kg weight in 12 hours, at greater than 2000gr.; 10mg / kg every 8 hours, 20-50mg / kg dose in adults 2-4 as a 250-500mg every 6 hours. Azithromycin 5-12mg / kg day single dose in adults: 500 mg / day, or 0.5 gr.dah first day then 250 mg / day total dose of 5 gün.maksim; 600 mg. Clarithromycin 7.5 mg / kg / day in two divided doses, adult to 1 g / day, in two divided doses ,. 10 days is given. Dicloxacillin: 3.125-6.25 mg / kg-cloxacillin 12.5 mg / kg four dividing adults 250mg orally 4 times / day) or cephalosporins: cephalexin, cephradine (25-50mg / kg) divided in half (in adults 250mg orally, 4 times a day) or, cefadroxil 30mg / kg / day, in two divided doses used. Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid: 25-45 mg / kg / day in 2-3 doses (depending on the formulation) in adults: 1.5 gr./g of, at three doses. Clindamycin: infants less than 2000gr. Zealand 5 mg / kg, 12 hours, 1 week to greater than 5 mg / kg every 8 hours, little large and 1 week after 2000gr. 5 mg / kg every 8 hours, great for a week, 5 mg / kg every 6 hours in infants; 15-25mg / kg / day oral dose of 3-4, 150 mg-450 mg in adults orally 4 times a day. Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole: 8 mg / kg / day (according to trimethoprim), 2 doses, adult; 160/800 given orally twice a day from g of com. Protection To comply with personal hygiene rules. Skin infection that should not be sent to school until 24 hours after the start of antimicrobial therapy, if possible, it should avoid close contact period.

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HAIR inflammation of the bottom

Definition Inflammation of the follicular ostia piyodermidir.kıl settled in the region of a hair follicle and apocrine. Clinic erythematous papule around a hair follicle, pustules develop. etiology Causative bacteria, fungi, although be chemical agent is usually Staphylococcus aureus. However, many bacteria can sometimes be active. After the swimming pool and P. aeruginosa also be immunosuppressive agents. Treatment Topical antibacterials, antifungals are necessary. If necessary Antistaphylococcal used systemic agents.

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Excessive Sweating

excessive Sweating Excessive sweating is mainly due to the sweat glands to be overactive. Sweating, excessive heat is one of the body's mechanisms to dispose of the body. However, some people sweat more than others. Excessive sweating does not necessarily have to be associated with a disease. Usually associated with obesity, because even normal activities such as walking for those who are overweight, and spend more effort than normal weight. Excessive sweating can also be caused by certain drugs. Sometimes it can appear as a manifestation of systemic diseases (such as hyperthyroidism). Try to find the cause of your excessive sweating and place yourself in full: excessive sweating fitted with the stocking is causing your movement, or did you in a warm environment while you sweat excessively than others? Sometimes situations like business meetings with stress and anxiety can lead to excessive sweating. If the causes of stress and the like, to look for ways to relieve yourself. Coffee, tea and other stimulants to stay away from the habit. This type stimulants apocrine sweat glands (located in the body of the hairy and strong - pungent sweat glands produce special) increase their activity. Stimulants such as caffeine could be called a war situation and prepare the body, stimulating the body that ensures that they guard against all kinds of external factors, which in turn increases stress and distress. drink plenty of water, because you must take back the water you lose through sweating. Stay away from environmental stimuli can stimulate the body's sympathetic nervous system; noisy and loud music, things that prevent you to concentrate your work, and you even angry person can be included in this group. You may find yourself in an exercise to relax, such as breathing exercises. Meditation can also help. Regular exercise helps your sweat glands to work regularly. You can lose up to 3 mg of zinc a day with sweat. Zinc especially blood protein and DNA synthesis is required for the functioning of the brain and immune system regularly.

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CONSIDERS

Definition Which leads to ulceration and dermal skin is infection dating back to the epidermis. Treatment is like impetigo. Clinical findings Previously trauma, malnutrition, occurs more frequently in those with poor hygiene and alcoholics. Single or multiple starts as blisters, but the shell would cause ulceration and scarring leaves .. It usually occurs in the lower extremities. etiology Factors: S. aureus or group A streptococci, sometimes with two factors. Diagnosis: The clinical, to culture. Treatment Treatment is like impetigo. Local wound care is useful (washing with soap and water). Topical antibiotics; bacitracin, neomycin-bacitracin, mupirocin is also available. 3 times a day, 7-8 days is usually enough. Common impetigo, if domestic infection, nursery groups or athletic teams and topical agents in bullous impetigo is not enough. If it requires the use of systemic antimicrobial agents; Penicillin or oral amoxicillin is given .. 1.jenerasyo ​​the cephalosporins, penicillin allergy in patients; erythromycin, azithromycin dose is given clarithromycin. Staphylococci is considered to be active, to büllözs; penicillinase-resistant oral penicillin eg dicloxacillin - cloxacillin or I.jenerasyo ​​the cephalosporins; cephalexin, cephradine or, cefadroxil is not used for effective oral kullanılabilir.cefix I Staphylococcus aureus. Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid, Clindamycin or trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole 160/800 administered orally twice daily g of com. Antistaphylococcal other agents can also be used if necessary. the duration of treatment with oral agents is one week. Doses: Penicillin Oral penisilinv; From 25000 to 90000 U / kg / day, four doses, 10 days in adults; 250 mg orally, 4 times / day or benzathine penicillin G for 300 children 000-600000 1200 000 adults applied as a single dose into muscles. Amoxycillin: 25-50mg / kg / day, in three doses in adults: 1.5 g. Two or three doses Ampicillin: 50-100mg / kg / day, in 4 doses in adults: 2-4 g / day, in 4 doses 1.jenerasyo ​​of oral cephalosporins: Cephadroxil oral; 30mg / kg / day, in two divided doses, 2 g in adults. two doses partitioned, Cefpodoxime; 10mg / kg / day in 2 doses, adult 800 mg, divided into two doses, cefprozil; 15-30mg / kg / day divided into two doses, adult to 1 g / day in two divided doses, Ceftibuten 9 mg / kg / day, a dose of cephalexin; 25-50mg / kg / day divided into 4 doses daily dose of 1-4 g in adults, cephradine; 25-50mg / kg / day in 2-4 doses 250mgx4 dose in adults. Erythromycin: Newborn dose: low weight babies than 2000gr.; 10 mg / kg weight in 12 hours, at greater than 2000gr.; 10mg / kg every 8 hours, 20-50mg / kg dose in adults 2-4 as a 250-500mg every 6 hours. Azithromycin 5-12mg / kg day single dose in adults: 500 mg / day, or 0.5 gr.dah first day then 250 mg / day total dose of 5 gün.maksim; 600 mg. Clarithromycin 7.5 mg / kg / day in two divided doses, adult to 1 g / day, in two divided doses ,. 10 days is given. Dicloxacillin: 3.125-6.25 mg / kg-cloxacillin 12.5 mg / kg four dividing adults 250mg orally 4 times / day) or cephalosporins: cephalexin, cephradine (25-50mg / kg) divided in half (in adults 250mg orally, 4 times a day) or, cefadroxil 30mg / kg / day, in two divided doses used. Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid: 25-45 mg / kg / day in 2-3 doses (depending on the formulation) in adults: 1.5 gr./g of, at three doses. Clindamycin: infants less than 2000gr. Zealand 5 mg / kg, 12 hours, 1 week to greater than 5 mg / kg every 8 hours, little large and 1 week after 2000gr. 5 mg / kg every 8 hours, great for a week, 5 mg / kg every 6 hours in infants; 15-25mg / kg / day oral dose of 3-4, 150 mg-450 mg in adults orally 4 times a day. Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole: 8 mg / kg / day (according to trimethoprim), 2 doses, adult; 160/800 g of com orally twice a day.

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Explanation:
Ostensibly or really unexpected and unexplained death of an infant in good condition. Sudden infant death syndrome, aged two weeks to 12 months, most often seen in children ranging and cause of death which is responsible for one third of all deaths in this age group. This syndrome is relatively constant all over the world and the number of cases each year. Among the causes of all deaths in children it takes second place after the accident. US 8,000 to 10,000 infants each year die from this syndrome. This shows that being born alive died due to sudden infant death syndrome, one out of every 400-500 babies. Syndrome more than a third - seen in the fourth month; In premature infants, and children of poor families is encountered more frequently. Again, this syndrome is seen in boys and in winter many of the summer. Almost all babies who died of sudden infant death syndrome, die asleep.

Reasons:
Many theories have been developed for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.

Prenatal and / or thin depending on perinatal brain injury, complex development anomalies to this event
why could it be.

abnormalities of breathing control

obstruction of the upper airways

bronchospasm

Central and peripheral nervous system abnormalities

Cardiac Arrhythmias

The combination of a number of factors and sudden infant death syndrome to trigger a simple infection or environmental changes.

Risk Factors
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Many of death "low risk" would have the baby examined with the group. Risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome:

Race: Americans of African descent. Americans more often

Season: In winter

Time of day: in the morning between 6 and often midnight.

Activity: sleeping

Born: Low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation

Maternal factors: young mothers, smoking or cocaine during the mother's pregnancy

The use of drugs such as opium, maternal anemia, to multiple births.

Sleep: Prone sleeping

Lack Breast feeding

After the birth of life in smoky

Pathologic findings
Postmortem characteristic findings in the audit

frothy secretions from the throat. Sometimes bloody nostrils and mouth secretions

Lung, heart and thymus surface petechiae

congestion and edema in the lung

Increased gliosis in the brain, periadrenal increase brown fat, liver

the hypoxia marker, such as hematopoiesis occurs in every patient.

Maintenance and Precautions
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, which occurs suddenly and can not be treated because of unknown reasons.

However, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Some measures are being applied to avoid:

To stop the use of tobacco and drugs during the mother's pregnancy.

Children should be given the breast.

Children should lie prone and should not be worn too tight.

Children should have a non-smoking environment.

Europe, Australia and New Zealand research on children lay supine result of reduced incidence is plain to see in göstermiştir.birçok organizations in this regard in developing countries and raise the awareness of parents. Babies on their backs or sides are strongly advised to be hospitalized.

Kus baby as he lay against the danger of the aspiration is perhaps the best.

Treatment...
Previously a child to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and lost family time babies in the subsequent birth of cardiopulmonary advised to keep under control.

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ARI ALLERGY

Definition, History and Frequency: An average of 1.5 cm in length bees produce honey, which is a valuable source of nutrients by collecting the sap of the flower. They also provide the flowers and their pollination and fruit formation by carrying pollen between flowers. However, it's useful on some very scary people, these creatures, or even fatal effects. In this case, the result of a bee sting poison (venom) formed by rapidly emerging allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) is defined. Bee allergy is one of allergic diseases attracted attention due to frequent and deadly consequences in society. The first written records of bee allergy BC In 2641 the Egyptian Pharaoh Menses' s huddled by dying belong to the wasp. You're allergic to bees as a result of work done in the world, there are different figures for the incidence (such as 0.5-5%). United States' in every 40 years, Europe 20, Asia as a result of the deaths of around 10 bee stings have been reported. It is known, that many cases are not diagnosed. According to studies done in our country it is allergic to bee seen 2-3%. Bee allergy may seem like other members of the community can be particularly threatening for people dealing with beekeeping received a grant from the state. severe allergic reactions related to bees may be seen in almost every age often fatal reactions are under 20 years of age. severe allergic reactions to bee seen in men of more than twice as often. There are a lot of kinds of bees in the world. The most common cause of allergies with bees; honey bee (Honey bee), yellow bees (Yellow Jacket) and wasps (Wasp, Hornet) d. Clinical Findings: Bee stings as a result of the most common are local reactions. Bees put in place as soon as the needle and heard a sudden sharp pain, then this area becomes red and swollen. Usually without the need for any intervention in one or two hours, and sometimes lasts a day. More rarely, these reactions may take up to 1 week. These people belong to bee allergy antibody (IgE) therapy if the need arises detected. Painkillers and ice packs, and sometimes oral anti-allergic and may be sufficient. except toxic reactions in people allergic to bee allergies if introduced simultaneously by a large number of bees may occur. hypotension in these patients, severe pain, symptoms such as nausea and vomiting may occur. The allergic reactions can cause much more serious local and general reactions. Reactions between the Cikkun bee sting out of findings by the time divided into early and late. Early reactions; After putting the bees usually it begins within 15 minutes and the shorter the duration, intensity is also that very much. which is much more serious than local reactions, systemic reactions in hives and anaphylaxis isolated from Angioma, ranging reactions or even death may occur. Bee allergy inserted several times by bees and particularly occurs in genetically predisposed individuals. The genetically predisposed individuals allergic to bee emergence of allergies must be inserted by the same bee species more than once. So any allergic reaction of the first bee sting does not occur. Just the place stung by bee to bee venom of swelling becomes regional symptoms such as pain and redness. But for the first time taken bee venom against this, we also immunoglobulin E antibodies in people prone to allergic diseases, allergy occurs. As a result of subsequent stings and bee venom, which can have fatal consequences as a result of the interaction between these antibodies anaphylaxis table (bee allergy) may occur. Bee allergy in our country can be seen in other people, but especially common in areas with a lot of bee farming. For example; The bee stings in places where picnic is one of the unfortunately common situation and can cause us to face dramatic consequences. Just from the people for the development of bee bee allergy As mentioned previously, lured by that "sensitivity it was followed" should be. It is also, unfortunately, the reaction again by inserting each bilinml the bees can cause possible come up with larger size. So before the bee stings result only regional redness, much larger reactions as a result of subsequent bee stings in patients with symptoms such as itching may occur. Therefore bee allergy symptoms that the close call with an allergy and immunology specialist at the time of the patients "life insurance" has the meaning. Diagnosis and Treatment: The presence of bee allergy skin tests and blood tests (RAST) can be detected by. More serious reactions are required in advance by bees huddled seen people apply to bees allergy vaccine. This kind of treatment must be administered under specific conditions by an allergy and immunology specialist. Bee allergy is proven and already applied to people with severe reactions to bee story allergy vaccination (immunotherapy) is a treatment method that is almost 100%. people with bee allergies except in this case it refers to as an absolute must bear a tag. In addition, they can apply their adrenaline injector (such as EpiPen® and Fastject®) must necessarily carry with them. Even clothing can be made out immediately after the injection, the patient saves time from a bee sting to a hospital is gone and can even be life-saving. All patients in addition to side with bee allergies should keep their anti-allergic drugs and cortisone injections. It all provides professional help quickly up the chance to be patient life support. We live in the most risky time for the bee stings, especially in this time when we begin to live the summer. Therefore, people who are allergic to bees, and even has a very simple emphasis on bee stings can take to protect themselves from the people at risk of allergies. They are per fixed below. Recommendations with allergies to bees "Do not Write market shopping, wandering around in the garden, "Public places to eat or not eat fruit, fragrant fruit juice, soda drink, "Do not make a picnic, "Perfume, deodorant, cologne's riding, "Fragrant soap, do not use shampoo, "Brightly colored, wearing flowered dress, "Flower collection, insert flowers, "When you go on vacation to investigate whether there is around the beehive, "The killing of wild bees around the hive, the bee released scent attracts other bees on you, "Do not walk barefoot, dressed out possible long sleeves and hem dresses and opt for brown clothing, bees do not like the brown. If you need to use gardening hat and gloves, "Sweaty be attractive to all insects, be careful not to become sweaty in hazardous areas, "Wasp aggressive honey bees are calm, but be careful in hot weather both this weather to be aggressive, "If you try the needle into the honey bee to take a magnifying glass and tweezers, or ask for help from someone else. "Keep Allergy drugs are constantly with you. "Previously severe bee next to people who have had allergies is always necessary to EpiPen® transport. EpiPen® is an injection that you can apply from the upper thigh to yourself. Includes the Epinerf. Anaphylactic Epinephrine is the most important drugs used in shock. In case of bee stings; "Start applying bandage over the place, loosen the bandage every 10 minutes until 3 minutes, "Start A cold applied, "Apply anti-allergic drugs, "If you have an adrenaline rush or use EpiPen®, "AS SOON AS PHD US ... Healthy day with hope ... Assoc. Dr. Genghis KIRMAZ Exp. Dr. Daisy Flag DEĞİRMENCİ

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HEPATITIS B

Definition Hepatitis B, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is formed by an infectious disease. Hepatitis is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world B is the ninth leading cause of death all over the world. Hepatitis B, mild symptoms and not from an infection, the more severe liver disease and cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma in the meantime (liver cancer) can cause various tables ranging. Liver cancer in the world is one of the most common cancers. Inflammation: In response to infectious agents or irritants in the collection of a tissue of inflammatory cells and cytokines. The antigen enters the body and the immune system does not recognize any foreign substances. Antibodies: connect to a foreign antigen by the immune system and a protein complex that it pursues the neutralization purposes. How is hepatitis B transmitted? Hepatitis B, can be transmitted in various ways. Severe infection most common in the region, takes place from mother to child and from child to child. in body fluids such as blood and semen it is known to transmit the virus. (The taking of blood or sexually transmitted infection) Asia-Pacific region, the majority of patients with the virus at a time close to the time of birth or date of birth edinir1 - they move to adulthood 9 out of 10 people who are infected with hepatitis B still infected with hepatitis B olacaklar.2 The rest of the world, the hepatitis B virus, suffered through sexual contact or blood contamination, likely to be obtained in adolescence or adulthood is higher. What are the biological functions of the liver? Liver oil and vitamin absorption of fat absorbed; such as albumin and coagulation factors is an important organ for making protein. in the detoxification of waste, it is still responsible for the liver. of nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream from the liver involved in the intestines; The place is treated prior to synthesis of proteins and other cellular constituents. In addition, the liver stores glucose and vitamins then to be used to dispose of harmful substances from the body, rendering it harmless (detoxification). What is the fate of the hepatitis B virus in the liver? Hepatitis B virus, after infecting them connected to the liver cells, resulting in the development of chronic infection, multiply by a unique mechanism. Circulation, mixing large amounts of virus and viral proteins. How to Make Hepatitis B Virus Disease? Hepatitis B virus placing their genetic material into the liver cells, enables the reproduction routine mechanism proliferation of these cells. The human body immune system, containing the genetic material of the virus into action to attack its liver cells. So the virus damages the liver indirectly. incessant attacks the immune system, resulting in damage to the liver cells and the dead. Hepatitis B is the Natural History How? Hepatitis B infection may be observed in various forms. Acute hepatitis usually heal spontaneously, but is a benign infection progresses the proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis B direction. Chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis, including, liver failure and liver cancer can cause more serious situation to be in. Other informations In some individuals the virus may completely disappear during acute hepatitis. until the end of 25-40% of patients with chronic infection will die as a result of a disease associated with the hepatitis B virus. Organ / tissue transplanted or HIV (AIDS virus) in humans with chronic infection that infected individuals immune problems such as greatly increased. Liver cancer in people developing this usually occurs after 30 -50 years after the acute infection. 75-90% of all liver cancer cases are the result of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is an infectious disease, are ranked ninth in the world in the list of causes of death. More than 2 billion people throughout the world HBV (hepatitis B virus) are infected and 350 million of them, is a chronic carriers of the disease. Hepatitis B virus in liver cells, the infected immune system (germ-infected) destroys indirectly stimulates the liver cells to attack. However, the immune system does not always completely eliminate hepatitis B virus infection. Initially following the infection of hepatitis B symptoms may be mild or private. If symptoms appear, primarily jaundice, loss of appetite and abdominal pain may be in the form. Hepatitis B virus infection may proceed in different ways. Acute hepatitis B continues a period of 4 weeks for 6 months with chronic hepatitis B. The active form of the transition can be as long as 15-30 years. The virus in the blood (viremia of) the most reliable method of putting forward and be counted is monitoring the hepatitis B virus DNA. There are some antigen and antibody tests for the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus infection. These; Pointing to the chronic hepatitis B virus infection; Testing for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) showing that the increase of the virus; Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) or HBV DNA.

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amyloidosis

What are the types?
The most common type of amyloidosis

Primary amyloidosis: Usually together with Multiple Myeloma and Monoclonal gammopathy of plasma cell disorders.

Secondary Amyloidosis: Rheumatoid arthritis, osteomyelitis; Malaria is with a variety of chronic inflammatory illnesses such as tuberculosis and leprosy.

Familial amyloidosis: Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is associated with.

Hemodialysis amyloidosis: It is with renal hemodialysis.
Which acts on the system?
Kidney, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Gastrointestinal, nerves, skin, is effective in the system.
What are the reasons?
Primary Amyloidosis
Diseases such as plasma, light chain (AL) is associated with excess immunoglobulin production.
Secondary Amyloidosis
in chronic inflammatory condition amyloid fibrillar proteins (A) is carried out in excess, and the degradation products of serum amyloid protein (SAA) phases occurs.
Familial amyloidosis
Familial Mediterranean fever, occur with excessive amyloid fibrillar amyloid protein made.
Hemodialysis Amyloidosis
Normally excreted by the kidneys, but can not consist of amyloid beta-2-microglobulin containing discarded by hemodialysis.
What are the pathological findings?
Demonstration of tissue Amyloid Deposits
Amyloid with Congo red staining, create green refraction under polarized light.
Electron Microscopy is subject to a definitive diagnosis.
What are the treatments?
Primary Amyloidosis
Treatment of the underlying plasma cell disease
Melphalan and prednisone are the drugs of choice for the plasma cell disease. Colchicine; It can slow amyloid deposition.
Secondary Amyloidosis
Underlying inflammatory disease treatment
Tacrine, mild to moderate dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease.
Familial amyloidosis
Colchicine 0.6 mg 2-3 times a day
Hemodialysis amyloidosis
Primary Amyloidosis
monitoring of monoclonal protein levels to assess response to treatment is required. monitoring of renal function to assess response to treatment.
Hemodialysis and Secondary Amyloidosis
Underlying followed up for assessment of renal function and disorders of control of the degree of affliction.

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Gastric cancer

Mide kanseri dünyada ikinci önemli ölüm nedenidir.1980 yıllarda 750 000 hasta da mide kanseri tanısı konmuş bunların 600 000ni yılda , mide kanserinden öldü. Mide kanseri ile HP infeksiyonu ilişkisi ilk defa Marshall tarafından 1983 de işaret edildi.On yıl sonra 1994 de Uluslar arası kanser çalışma grubu HP infeksiyon grup 1ri karsinogenik olarak belirledi. 
Üç prospektiv epidemiyolojik çalışmanın meta-analiz sonuçları HP + hastaların normallere göre 4 kat daha kanser gelişme riski taşıdığını göstermiştir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde HP + ve kanser riski ilişkisi %49 (genel HP +liği %35 ) iken gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ise % 70 şe (genel HP+ liği % 85) çıkmaktadır. Değişik çalışmalarda farklı yöntemler kullanılarak farklı sonuçlar çıkmasına rağmen en iyimser tahminlerde en az % 31 gelişmiş ülkelerde ; %52 gelişmekte olan ülkelerde mide kanseri HP infeksiyonu ile ilişkilidir.Bu ortalama karserlilerin üçte birinin sebebi HP infeksiyonu anlamına gelir. Tütün , İnsan pailloma virusleri ve hepatit viruslerinin de benzer şekilde kanser riski taşıdığı bilinmektedir. Bu gün hangi yaşta tarama yapılmalı ve HP eredikasyon tedavisinde nasıl bir yöntem takip edilmeli bunun için uzun dönem , yaş ,cins , aile hikayesi , ve etnik grupları içine alan randomize kontrollu çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Bu arada hangi tedavi protokollerinin uygulanacağının da belirlenmesine ihtiyaç vardır.
HP direkt mutogenik ve karsinogenik değildir.İndirekt karsinojenik etkisi olan bir çok madde vardır.HP amonyak üretir buda hücre bölünmesini ve fosfolipazları etkileyerek hücre epitel membranlarını hasara uğratır ,citotoksinlerle defans mekanizmasını bozar ve kronik inflamasyon oluşur.Aynı zamanda ortamda askorbik asid azalır ki antıoksidan ve antikanser etkisi vardır. Son olarak HP ; mide mukozasında kronik dejenerasyona neden olarak mide kanserinin başlamasına neden olabilir.Ancak neden infekte hastaların çok az bir kısmında kanser geliştiği ve ne kadar zaman sonra kanserleşme başlayacağı ve koruyucu çalışmaların ne zaman başlaması gerektiği konuları bu gün açıklığa kavuşturulamamıştır.
HP infeksiyonu ile direkt ilişkilendirilen ikinci tümöral oluşum mide lenfomasıdır.Bunun ile ilgili önemli bir çalışmayıda size aktarmak istiyorum.
Mide lenfoması (MALT) mukoza ile ilişkili lenfoıd doku tümörüdür. Konturek,P.L.ve ark. (2000 ) yaptıkları araştırmalarda ; Mide kanserlerinde Cag-A + H.Pylori yüksek miktarda pozitiv buda gastrin ve gastrin reseptorleri yoluyla otokrın yolla tümör büyümesini uyarabileceğini belirterek aşagıdaki araştırma sunuçlarını yayınlamıştır.
Malt lenfomada HP infeksiyonu ilişkisi mide kanserinden çok daha belirgindir.Lenfomada HP infekiyon +liği %90 dır. Cag-A pozitıvliği ise %70 dir. Kontrol grupların da ise %56 ve %33 dür.Serum gastrin seviyesi kontrol grupuna göre lenfomalılarda 6 kat fazladır.Lümen içi gastrin ise hastalarda 70 kez daha fazla bulunmuştur.Antrum mukozasına göre tümör dokusunda gastrin 10 kat fazladır. Çalışma da Malt lenfomasında Cag-A HP + liğinin önemli olduğu görülmektedir.

Kaynak : Prof. Dr. Mehmet Altın

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Thin and Thick Bowel Disease

Thin and Thick Bowel Disease

THIN BOWEL DISEASES

anatomy:
Settled in the duodenum of the small intestine to the abdominal cavity is a mobile organ 6-8mm in length except for the part 1. Anatomically, the duodenum, the jejunum and ileum are examined in three parts. Duodenum and jejunum, ileum is placed in the upper abdomen to the lower abdomen area. spiral mucosal folds in the face by more geniştir.iç jejunum ileum the diameter of the folds in the duodenum and jejunum may be up to 1 cm in size. Microscopic serosa, muscularis mucosa, submucosa and mucosa examined.

physiology:
Digestion and absorption in the small intestine is where almost all occur. The duodenum and jejunum, bile acids and enzymes pannkreas effect with carbohydrates, fats, proteins and electrolytes are digested and absorbed. They come in the deterioration in malabsorption syndromes.
Digestion and absorption disorders:
Malabsorption disorder that finding, the food absorption Symptoms and Signs Laboratory findings

Oil oily stools, watery diarrhea, weight loss, oily stools, s.karot less.
Protein weight loss, muscle weakness, edema, serum alb.düşük
Carbohydrates bloating, rumbling, watery diarrhea, gas Acid stool, os.ishal, sol.test +
Iron Anemia, glossitis, aphthous ulcers, keliozis microcytosis, s.de.düş.dbk load.
Folic acid anemia, glossitis, aphthous ulcers macrocytosis + -ane me, ert.folatdüş
vit.b12 anemia, glossitis, neurological sequelae "" "" s.b12 fall.
Gecekörlüg of vitamin A, hyperkeratosis, s.vit a.düş.s.karot the fall.
vit.d. Osteomalacia, prok.miyopat of. I düş.s.fosfat S.kalsiy fall.
Rickets s.alk fos.yük. p.vit D fall.
Vita K bleeding, bruising Prot.zam new Long
Calcium numbness, convulsions s.kalsiy I fell.
Magnesium numbness, convulsions s.mağnezy I fell.
Zinc slow wound healing, dermatitis s.çinko fall.
Bile salts, aqueous diarrhea, secretory diarrhea



Absorption Mechanism Disorder

Lümeniç Phase Mucosal Phase Transition Phase

Hydrolysis Wirehaired limit hydrolysis of the lymphatic Article
1.Enz my failure-Kr.pankreatit primary or secondary disaccharidases enough. occlusion Lenfanjektazi-
primary
nodal disease secondary to pancreatic cancer
2.Enz inactivation-z.e.send.
3.Çabuk transi- Oil solubülasyo epithelial transition vascular surgery
1.kr.k.c.hast.safr salt 1.Ayrıştırıl have defects intestinal ischemia, atheroma, vasculitis
Hartnup Hast.cistinur the lack of production,
2.Safr secretion disorder congenital vitb12, folate
cholestatic sarlık failure
3.Safr salts dekongigasyo the 2nd Global defects, bowel surgery,
precipitation, binding of bacteria commonly-mucosal disease (celiac sprue, tropical sprue,
proliferation, z.e.send.ilaç effects, Crohn's hast.iske my hast.radyasyo, Whipple, AIDS, Infina.)
4.Safr salt loss increases, terminal ileum
resection or disease,
5.CCK secretion disorders of mucosal injury to the extreme
Luminal likelihoods;
1.İntrinsik factor deficiency, pernicious anemia
2.Bakteriyel B12 consumption, excessive bacterial growth



DIAGNOSIS:
Blood serum iron, vit.b12, Folate, s.kalsi I, Alk.Phos. and Album. Tests are done.
Oil absorption tests,
Protein absorption tests,
Carbohydrate absorption tests,
Other tests d.xylos to Schilling, bile acid absorption tests,
Intestinal mucosal examination, radiological and endoscopic biopsy
Breathing tests,
Pancreatic function tests,
TREATMENT:
1.Sebeb oriented treatment
2.Semptomatik and supportive treatment



Bowel disorders



Anatomy:
rmdir 100-125c the length of the large intestine. Cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid anatomical parts, such as colon and rectum vardır.çap the large cecum (8,5cm) distal to the correct cap narrows the sigmoid region (2,5 cm) dir.duvar on the outside longitudinal inner circular muscle layer, which creates longitudinal muscle tenia. With the contraction of the muscular layer haustrasyo ​​and irregular folds inside oluşur.mukoz usually düzdür.histolojik as serosa, muscular layer of the mucosa and submucosa consists of.
Thick ensure that the task of the water and electrolyte intestinal absorption, progression and storage of substances in the form of the carbohydrate absorption of bacteria that absorb the oil asitlerini next sağlamaktır.b.

Bowel disorders

it's worth examining large intestinal disease into two groups. 1- organic bowel disorders, 2. Non-organic bowel disorders.

Organic bowel disorders; inflammatory bowel disease in which, tumorous diseases can be examined as benign and malignant tumor diseases, tumoral diseases,

Inflammatory bowel diseases; Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease *,



Inflammatory bowel disease



Etiology and pathogenesis; The etiology and pathogenesis of a group of diseases known as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which causes inflammation of the small and large intestines unknown.
Ulcerative colitis pathology; significantly mucosa and submucosa holding widely, vascular edema, superficial ulcers, the lamina propria of the intestine and rectum özelliklidir.kal keeps the cell infiltration and crypt abscess.
Rectal bleeding, sometimes characterized by diarrhea, exacerbation of chronic inflammation in a hastalıktır.20-60 age görülebilir.t NEW typically examination of konur.dışk by observing endoscopic symptoms and bowel, causing the same symptoms, radiological and endoscopic observation and biopsy revealed the presence of other diseases .
treatment;
Medicine * nutrition and support therapy * Psychotherapy * has * to 5-ASA drugs such as sulfasalazine therapy as next nonspecific. Different treatments can be applied depending on whether the active period of the disease.
surgery; Thick in the form of removal of the whole intestine.

Crohn's disease, oral administration in the region where disease can involve any location of the entire digestive system until all the walls of the anus digestive system activation and tutar.z from time to time occur outside the digestive system symptoms. Sick of edema, abscess, complications such as fistula and stenosis are common.
treatment;
Medicine; * * Diarrhea Diet nutrition therapy * Anti-inflammatory therapy
surgery; There is also the complication. (Obstruction, bleeding, abscesses, fistulas)



BENIGN colon tumors

Benign tumors can be investigated under 3 groups

Adenomas (neoplastic epithelial tumors)

Tubular adenoma
Tübülovillöz adenoma
Villous adenoma
Non-neoplastic epithelial tumors

Hyperplastic polyps
juvenile polyps
Peutz-Jeghers polyps
Inflammatory polyps
mucosal ledge
Non-epithelial tumors
* Lipoma

lymphoid polyps
Smooth muscle polyps
Vascular tumors
Neurogenic tumors
Other rare tumors
Adenomas are considered Prekas is lezyoz cost. The ilgilidir.b sizes and histopathological characteristics of cancerous polyps rates of adenomas polyps should be removed so that time can be seen.

Polyposis syndromes
Familial adenomatous polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Cronkhite-Canada syndrome, juvenile polyposis, neurofibromatosis, Cow Disease it may be mentioned like syndrome.



Malignant tumors of the colon

The majority of colon cancer is adenocarcinoma. The etiology is not fully known, but there is intense knowledge on this subject. In a nutshell - Genetics adenomatous polyps, Steroid hormones, inflammatory bowel disease, bile acids, diet, body iron content and transverr the amount of smoking, alcohol consumption, the situation is known as passing stomach surgery.

Diagnosis;
Radiological tests
Endoscopic tests - colonoscopy, biopsy.

treatment;

* Prophylactic measures - dietary modification, endoscopic polypectomy, such as drug therapy.
Surgical
The colonic diverticula;

Old age can be seen in the colon diverticula 20-50%. All of the intestinal mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosal layer of the colon wall is correct scoured out. from 1mm to 1cm width is formed so değişir.çoğunlukl sigmoid colon. Although symptoms unless there are complications hundreds of reducing the intraocular pressure may be olmayabilir.b we are tetb like whole ingestion of food.
Complications; bleeding, diverticulitis, Abs, situations such as occurred.



NON-ORGANIC bowel disorders

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

IBS bowel habits change, cramp-like pain, some suffering from constipation of karakterlidir.hasta evident by the sound of gas in the intestine and some of the patients suffer from diarrhea while şikayetçidirler.bza from both.
Over the years, colitis, mucous colitis, spastic colon, spastic bowel, has been called by names such as functional bowel disease.
IBS cause is unknown and there is no treatment. In the large intestine examination in edilir.kar considered functional for not detecting any pathology gergilik and unrest constant discomfort, although felt, bleeding, olmaz.baz patients cause serious diseases such as cancer can be severe in some people, while mild symptoms most of the pruning patients' social life etkileyebilir.hasta complaints diet, controlling stress, and sometimes administer benefiting from the drug.

diagnosis; doctors have a good history, good physical examination, laboratory tests, it is proved that there is no organic pathology, radiological and endoscopic examinations.
Treatment; cramp pains begin immediately after dinner bilinmektedir.özellikl the importance of animal fats and vegetable in the emergence of symptoms.
bilinmektedir.hasta high fibrin to affect the motility of the colon is recommended in these foods can increase stress and tension, but a few months after the beginning of the gas used and the complaints body decreases.
Sometimes used in drugs under medical supervision and may require consultation may be useful in patients with severe than .Emosyonel direction.

Source: Prof. Dr. Mehmet Gold

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Tumors of the colon (colonic tumor)

Koloa - rectal cancers U. 2 is also the most common cancer in both genders. 140,000 people per year are caught in the disease and 60,000 people die on average per year from this disease. increase in our country and in diagnostic procedures, increasing opportunities for people to apply better perception of their physician for signs of disease, nutrition as a result of shifts increasingly to the more industrial food in alışkanlığımız causes us more often encounter this cancer. However, if early diagnosis and treatment can be applied Koloa - Rectal Cancers internal organs are benefiting most-cancer treatment. Even screening (screening) tests and disease before they occur, can be detected before the appearance of symptoms is more composed and full healing can be achieved by making the necessary treatment. Because in general (95%) Colorectal cancer is developing from POLYP s.
Who is at risk?
In general, the vast majority of cases in people over the age of 45-50 görülmektedir.b the reason;

People over the age of 45-50
Mom, Dad, colorectal cancer or polyps in the immediate family members who are like brothers,
The uterus (womb), ovary (ovarian) or breast cancer in women,
ones such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease.
What should be done to reduce the risk?
people at risk, screening should be done before the appearance of symptoms of the disease to reduce the risk (screening) should undergo the test. the high fiber diet - vegetables, fruity, less fat and less red meat should transform the way. If alcohol and smoking habits thoroughly reduce, or even should leave. Every day 20 - 30 minutes should do light exercise.
What are the screening tests?
Kolo - the formation of the clinical symptoms of rectal cancer testlerdir.b RISK made to a person under the above-emergence of cancer are the main causes polyps by 95%. These polyps can turn into cancer over time. It therefore polyps purpose of screening tests yet to develop into cancer, if the reverse were the very early stages yet with clinical symptoms to diagnose without and polypectomy (polyp removal from the intestine with colonoscopy assistance) is to ensure the removal. In this case, these patients are a full recovery at a rate above the 90%. Screening tests include:

digital rectal examination once a year over 45 years,
searching for hidden blood in the stool once a year over 50 years,
over 50 years of age 3-5 years once a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy,
Colon X-ray once every 5 years over age 50,
Colorectal cancer is in the family of 45 yasdı after 2 - 3 years once colonoscopic examinations,
Ulcerative Colitis those years should undergo colonoscopy and biopsy once.
What are the clinical signs?
Usually seen in men and women equally large intestine - rectum cancer are insidious watch. The disease occurs in the following symptoms.

blood coming from the rectum (rectal bleeding), blood in stool that dish,
changes in habits go to the toilet
Feces than before thinning,
Constipation - the emergence of diarrhea cases
Frequent desire to go to the toilet, feeling of incomplete though it is empty,
Abdominal gas pains,
Anemia (anemia)
Unexplained weight loss

any of these symptoms 1-2 weeks with the only beneficial Amasa or range must continue to seek a physician.
How is it diagnosed?
Koloa - rectal cancer in the accurate diagnosis of intestinal tumors than the endoscopic method (Rectoscope of flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy) is made by microscopic examination and diagnosis by pathologists to be a part of to be with someone.
How is it treated?
This process can easily be applied for colo-surgical removal of the tumor part of the main treatment of rectal and intestinal cancer lower and upper end of the removed portion to ensure a long passage ağızlaştırılmalarıdır.kolon are again mutually. However, this situation is somewhat different in the treatment of rectal cancer. Rectal a short organ (15 cm), not because of the particular tumors localized near the anus (5-6 cm above the anus input), to ensure the removal of the diseased portion removed anus completely annulled colon, abdominal wall is directly opens (COLOSTOMY).

This method is applied much more frequently than before, now both technological developments (Stapp instruments, etc.) as well trained in this area and the experience gained in particular Koloa - in surgeries performed by surgeons in dealing with rectal surgery, very few patients uygulanmaktadır.baz the colostomy healing of the surgery in the rectum temporarily to provide (a few months) can be done. Then the colostomy is closed. In addition to surgery, the tumor in the rectum sometimes before surgery, after surgery sometimes need to be done regardless RADIATION. There is no role of radiotherapy in colon tumors. Both organs after surgery the tumor and chemotherapy status.

In anal cancer radiotherapy it is generally preferred. In some cases, surgery can be done.
Postoperative how these diseases to be monitored?
Kolo - the chance of relapse after surgery for rectal cancer depends on the stage of the disease. Relapses usually occur within the first 2 years. Therefore, they must follow very strict in the first 2 years after surgery in these patients. If the recurrence of the patient's survival will be increased if the new venture will be established. In addition, this new chance tumors occur in the colon of patients are released back into slightly. Detection and removal of these very young patients to cure blood tests sağlayacaktır.b at 3-6 month intervals to monitor patients for tumor markers (CEA), USA, Tomography; Chest X-ray, tests like colonoscopy is performed alternately. After 2 years, patients should be monitored for 5 years with annual checks.

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Allergy

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Allergy, the body's over-reaction to a normally non-hazardous substances, the ancient Greek "different reaction" means.
Allergy 't we can describe as follows:
Some people are substances in the environment; dust in the air, the food they eat, the medicines they use, or kozmotik the goods are becoming extremely sensitive. Such people are known as allergic physique. Also called the allergen responsible for the hypersensitivity to these substances.
These substances by inhalation into the body, can enter through the gastrointestinal system, or skin contact. This is not the presence of allergens due to surrounding the formation of hypersensitivity, allergic person's physique is formed.
Allergy is a common problem throughout the world. chronic diseases among adults in the United States third in children is to keep the first place. Many of the children begin during infancy or allergic diseases.
In common allergic disease in recent years, it may have a role in a variety of artificial nutrition and drug use clothing.
What are the allergens that cause allergic diseases?
Allergens that cause allergic diseases are very different.
Airborne pollens, mold spores, house dust mites, animal dander and allergens such as skin rash, known as allergens and dust in the society they do allergy of the respiratory tract.

Food, eggs, wheat, milk, nuts, dried fruit, such as peanuts, fruits and shellfish also enter our body through the mouth usually made of allergy in the skin and intestines.
Allergy among the drugs can occur in any organ. Some plants and chemicals also cause contact allergy when to touch our skin.
Is it automatically switches on puberty Bronşiel asthma?
Bronşiel 30 percent of children with asthma is reduced when puberty sooner the complaints, but complaints can sometimes start again when they enter into adulthood period.

In addition, a change in the other 30 percent of the adolescent patients showed no disease symptoms, the remaining one-third is to be observed an increase in complaints.
Is it Allergic bronchitis, have asthma?
In fact, allergic bronchitis and asthma diagnosis is 2 synonym used.

For mild cases of asthma word it is often used colloquially for more severe cases of allergic bronchitis.

Beginning in infancy with allergic bronchitis cases of febrile viral infection "bronchiolitis" statement is used. In fact, all of these expressions can be grouped under the name hyperreactive respiratory diseases.
"They hung Bronşiel sports should not" promise, right?
They hung Bronşiel must do all kinds of sports like other normal people.

Many people with asthma are known in dealing with a variety of sports, including the Olympics. These include areas in the Olympics are very even.
Is there any harm of smoking or asthma?
Astor They certainly should not smoke. Even cigarette smoke in the room is able to even bother the airways of asthmatics. Research shows that asthma occurs more frequently in children of mothers who smoke.
Did you allergic mothers can breastfeed their children?
children's food allergy to be fed with breast milk are less likely. Therefore, especially allergic mothers breastfed their babies for at least 6-12 months supply is recommended.
Do I need a special diet in people with asthma?
Nutrients can cause some allergic diseases. However, bronşiel be lead to asthma is very rare.

edilmedik determined by the physician bronşiel asthma patients can eat all the food.

The allergen was detected in their infancy years kaybolabil nutrients are often in the middle age. On the other hand, foods that contain sulfites and other additives can cause complaints in asthma patients.
Can an allergic patient to the dentist?
allergic reactions to medications used during dental treatment can occur in any person.

However, allergic reactions to this substance is not likely to be seen more to people with allergic diseases. So, between an allergy and a non-allergic person suffering from the disease is the same probability of occurrence of allergic reactions.

before dental treatment for each patient and how the story is what needs to be carefully taken measures, such as measures for patients with an allergy is valid. nor should not be any other place but the dentist uses drugs to people with the same types of drugs in what dental treatment showed before of allergic reactions. Already dentists who have knowledge and experience in this regard and first responders are trained to make even an allergic reaction Although people.
Is it narcosis Verilebilinir to asthma patients?
as it is not detrimental to asthma patients receiving general anesthesia, anesthesia given to patients with severe asthma as a last resort in a crisis, but sometimes sağlanabl breathing.

Only during anesthesia is not anyone else bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma person can be observed.

Anesthesiologists and experience difficulty in giving anesthesia in patients with asthma because they are familiar with.
Is that asthma patients can get on the plane?
5 -10 thousand meters in altitude flying jets, the oxygen concentration inside the cabin is slightly lower than the sea level. However, this is not the rate of asthma to prevent the plane of the patient.
Is the relationship of sinusitis and allergic rhinitis?
Facial sinuses and nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis sinus channels of ease is closely adjacent to clog infected.

Allergic rhinitis is located at I 40 percent of patients with sinusitis.
Could tonsils and adenoids in children with asthma surgery?
Whether or not children with asthma tonsils and adenoids (adenoids) may require surgical removal if it has become the focus of infection.

Allergic rhinitis or asthma preventive surgery is not the case. However, tonsils or adenoids allergic complaints can not be resolved with surgery.
Allergy Is it a psychological disorder?
Emotional events, fear, excitement, nervousness will not cause allergic disease as described in the above example, but overflowing cups available in person may cause an increase in allergic complaints.

Patients, especially for children to play with their friends without having to run without restriction should be allowed treatment.
the general health of the people in the treatment of allergic diseases is important?
Yeah. A balanced diet, Programmed way to exercise, enough rest to your body's overall health of the person with respect and regular sleep is very important for the treatment of allergic diseases.

Smoking should not be smoking.
Air exchange is useful?
Some allergic people have noticed that decreases with changes of weather and disease. For example, high altitude and dry climate in living patients to the seaside, or in the coastal town of patients can be seen that they go to high mountain climates where they are comfortable.

It grows in meadows in the area, grass and tree species are different because airborne pollen that these springs are different and people when you go to a new area that pollen in climate may not be allergic to mold and hence a relaxation feel our pain. But this is a few months or years after patients allergic to pollen of plants in a new residential environment as it is textured allergic complaints occur and can start again.

Therefore, allergy relocation leave the work force to be able to relax for a short while the patient is not recommended.
Is it dangerous to be treated?
such as allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps can develop sometimes untreated can lead to development of asthma.

If the infection is not treated eczema and atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma out of control, chronic lung disease, emphysema, bronchiectasis and can even lead to heart failure.
Is it possible, while other drug allergy vaccines?
Allergy vaccines are not made medicine a person can not buy that.
May take any medicine during surgery may be necessary or vaccine therapy person. If necessary childhood immunizations such vaccines are made the same day as allergy vaccination is preferred to perform interval 1-2 days.
What is the age of onset of allergy?
Allergic sensitization to one's physique time before the development of allergy to a particular substance and the emergence of symptoms of the disease should we call a dating circuit. year, as this process may take a few minutes it can be long. Therefore, allergic diseases can occur at any time during the life of people who are allergic physique.
Allergic children born physique usually the first 3-6 months to 6 months after they had şikayetsiz comfortable and quick and frequent upper respiratory tract infections territory, from time to time short-term itchy skin lesions may occur. After three years in children often stuffy nose, runny nose, bouts of infection starts. Later this fever and cough and wheezing landing in bronşlara can become allergic bronchitis as breathing.
55 percent of all men in the study asthmatics, it was found that 72 percent of asthmatic women under 10 years of age sini start of the disease.
Childhood asthma in boys than girls are more frequent 2-fold.
Can we prevent the occurrence of allergic diseases?
some measures to delay the onset of allergic physique as to prevent children born or allergy symptoms can be. They, at least 6 months of breastfeeding and nutrition of infants not given any other food in this period, house cat, dog or bird feed and house are measures such as not smoking.
Allergy What is expertise?
Allergy Specialist (Allergists) doctor, which means doctors have expertise in the field of diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases.

Allergists are training and experience in the most effective treatment of allergic disease. Allergists a doctor after graduating from medical faculties ago completed his residency in pediatrics or internal medicine branch. then makes the top-specialty of allergy.

Our country dermatology and allergy specialist pulmonologist doing additional training in internal medicine branch professionals with children or they can be. Therefore, allergists are familiar with the fact that the information on the general health of the patient and other internal issues.

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Conn Syndrome

What are the symptoms?
Usually asymptomatic.

Hypokalemia muscle weakness, muscle cramps, headache, palpitations, polydipsia, polyuria or

accompanied nocturia.

Moderate or severe hypertension (200/120 mmHg does not.)

Fundoskopi- Selim or Grade 1-2

tetani

hypokalemia

Metabolic alkalosis / Chvostek and Trousseau Symptoms (+)

Relative Hypernatremia

Impaired Glucose Tolerance

The incidence of renal cysts is high.

Headache

paresthesias

Cardiac Arrhythmias
What are the reasons?
Unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), the most common (60%) is the result. (Conn syndrome) curing is achieved by unilateral adrenalectomy.

Idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) zona glomerulosa is bilateral hyperplasia is seen by 34%. Surgical treatment is not useful. Chronic medical therapy is preferred.
Maintenance and recommendations?
APA- unilateral unilateral adrenalectomy

Bilateral chronic medical treatment İHA-

Unilateral APA - hypokalemia; Spironolactone is controlled preoperatively.

Bilateral İHA- low-sodium diet, ideal body weight, smoking ban, potassium restriction, antihypertensive treatment (calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, the thiazide diuretics)

Low Sodium Diets
What are the ways of treatment?
Spironolactone or amiloride

Antihypertensive drugs: calcium channel blocker, ACE inhibitor, low dose thiazide diuretics


ACE inhibitors; Renal failure, hyperkalemia, and I kullanılmaz.s kept under control during pregnancy gereklidir.lity potassium levels with diuretics, non steroidal anti-inflammatory may be interactions between drugs with diuretics and ACE inhibitors. Peripheral Alfa.1 Antagonists (Terazosin, Doxazosin) keeps under control hypertension.

Blood pressure monitoring,

Serum potassium tracking,

Postoperative 24-hour urinary aldosterone determination must be made.

AP surgical treatment of hypertension is improved by 70%. 1-4 months postoperative follow-up.

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Addison's disease

It is composed of sneaky and usually decrease in tissue of the adrenal gland in 70% of a hastalıktır.hasta the progressive nature of the primary as the rest çıkmaktadır.ger due to insufficient study of adrenal tuberculosis adrenal glands, cancer arises tissue recession due to reasons such as inflammations.

What are the causes of the disease?

The adrenal glands are located at the top of each kidney. Spinal called the inner part of the cortex and is made from the bark name. Cortex (the shell) portion produces three types of hormones called corticosteroids and is essential for life:

Androgens and estrogens, sex and affect reproductive development.

Glucocorticoid hormones (like cortisol) maintain glucose control, suppress the immune response, and help the body respond to pressure.

The mineralocorticoid hormones (such as aldosterone) regulate sodium and potassium balance in the body.

What is the incidence of the disease?

displayed where in 8 of every 100,000 people from the same incidence in both sexes.

What are the symptoms of the disease?

Weakness, extreme fatigue, weakness, muscle weakness, weight loss, nausea, vomiting,

Recurrent diarrhea, loss of appetite, darkening of the skin, spots, lethargic movements, changes in blood pressure and heart rate, abnormal and excessive sweating in the face and palms, headaches, pupillary dilatation, increased heart rate ... etc are the main symptoms of the disease.

What are the physical symptoms?

Blood pressure has dropped.

Cortisol levels have fallen.

Serum sodium levels are low.

Potassium test may show an increase in potassium.

Abdominal x-ray adrenal calcification seen.

An abdominal CT scan may show adrenal calcification and atrophy.

What are the ways of treatment?

Lifetime will corticosteroid replacement therapy for controlling symptoms alır.genellikl glucocorticoids (cortisone or hydrocortisone) and mineralocorticoid (fludrocortizo's) given combinations.

In cases of increased stress, drug treatment arttırılmalıdır.enfeksiyon, injuries and excessive sweating adrenal crisis caused in olabilir.adrenal crisis intravenous or intramuscular hydrocortisone immediately yapılmalıdır.düşük HYPERTENSION treatment also gereklidir.birçok patient stress instantly to make urgently to SELF emergency hydrocortisone injection to an emergency in addition to öğrenmiştir.hasta state identifier is written on the drug and dosage will be carrying a health card is very important.

Aksatmamalıdır.eg drug intake and never take the drug because of severe vomiting limping into the doctor if you should always consult a doctor reported bildirilmelidir.aşır of body weight gain and edema.

Addison's disease should seek medical help in certain situations. ?

Addison's disease infection, injury, when he caught the disease that can cause fluid loss should consult a physician to recognize the disease.

an increase in weight, swelling of the ankles or other new symptoms occur, should seek medical attention.

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AIDS-disease

For the first time it reported seen among young gay men in the United States in 1981, and from that day to this day affects all the millions of people spread around the world and ASRIN also known as VEBA AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) Acquired Immunodeficiency is a term consisting of Syndrome initials. non-inherited (acquired acquired) the reduction of the body's defenses against viruses (immunodeficiency) caused by the disease, a number of symptoms (syndrome) means.
Again, it was announced that a human retrovirus is the causative agent of AIDS in the early 1980s and was named HTLV 3. In 1986, the name given to the virus that causes AIDS to HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus = Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is revealed to be.
How AIDS is transmitted?
Aids in the transmission paths are.

Sexual (homosexual, heterosexual relationships)
Mother to child (during pregnancy During birth, the mother's milk)
intravenous drug use
blood and blood products contaminated with HIV
transmitted through contaminated needles and surgical instruments

Other transmission routes:
· Contaminated organ and tissue transplantation
· Artificial insemination
· Human bite?
· Contact with blood contaminated leather impaired tissue integrity during an accident or sports



What is the diagnosis of AIDS?
Adults: At least two different centers in the Eliza test with the anti-HIV positive people, positive Western Blot test is diagnostic.

In children: diagnosis of infection due to maternal antibody in children under two years of age is difficult. This group of HIV DNA PCR and direct culture detection methods, such as virus should be implemented.

AIDS Is it treatable?
An AIDS patient can be treated conditions are as follows.

CD4 T-cell count of antiretroviral treatment decisions for HIV-1 RNA levels are decided based on.


Case 1: CD4 count <500 / mm3
or
The viral load> 5000-10000 copies / ml
Treated the

Case 2: CD4 count <500 / mm3
The viral load> 50- <5000 copies / ml
Treatment recommended

Case 3: CD4 count> 500 / mm3
The viral load> 50- <5000 copies / ml
Treatment recommended

Case 4: CD4 count> 500 / mm3
Viral load can not be determined
Treatment is not recommended to follow recommended

Case 5: acute retroviral syndrome
Minimum of 2 years after treatment is recommended

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Adams-Stokes Syndrome

General information
Heart to the notice of the atrioventricular node (AV Note) Although the normal late, specialized in ventricular conduction system / His bundle or cardiac conduction system is blocked in all three fascicles, which can be defined as AV block İnfranodal AV block is common in patients with advanced age. It can result in unconsciousness and convulsions. If this is connected to the blog called syncope infranodal Adams Stokes crisis. Adams Stokes Crisis, unannounced and soon revealed. However, the crisis tends to increasingly frequent. Pulse rate usually between 20 to 50 minutes. Jugular venous pulse "Giant Waves" noticeable.
What are the affected systems?
Cardiovascular System, Nervous System
What are the symptoms?
Acute bradycardia (20-50 / min)
Hypotension
Paleness
Position does not depend on feelings or effort or loss of consciousness
Syncope or sudden occurrence of similar symptoms (get palpitations or not)
Jugular venous pulse in the giant waves.
What are the reasons?
Medicines
* Calcium channel blockers
* Beta blockers
* Digoxin
* Ouabain
* Propafenone
* Clonidine

AV node holding myocardial ischemia
And holding the heart conduction system disease or fibrous infiltration (amyloid, syphilis, tumors)
Age-related degeneration of the AV node
Neuromuscular diseases (myotonic muscular dystrophy or Kearns-Sayre Syndrome)
What are the risk factors?
Calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, digoxin, ouabain, propafenone, the use of the drug clonidine etc.
Coronary artery disease
AV node dysfunction
Acute myocardial infarction (especially acute occlusion of the right coronary artery)
amyloidosis
Chagas' disease
Heart involving connective tissue disease (systemic lupus eritemotosus, rheumatoid arthritis)
What are the pathological findings?
Serum digoxin levels have increased. Serum cardiac enzymes increased. ECG event monitoring or Holter monitor that, and slowed ventricular shows the kaçaksız transient complete heart block.
What are the tests that can be done?
electrocardiography
For Monitoring
Holter Monitoring
What are the diagnostic procedures?
coronary catheterization to exclude coronary ischemia
electrophysiological tests to evaluate the AV nodal conduction state
myocardial biopsy is suspected infiltrative disease
What are the maintenance and precautions?
hospitalization where monitoring is required.
Continuous treatment, ambulatory monitoring.
cardiac monitoring during Operations
Operations available during trans-thoracic pace
atropine during Operations
Placing temporary pace-maker's operations during the likelihood
Complete heart block when the temporary pacemaker is irreversible implementation
The diagnosis were diagnosed and about the pace should be placed in the patient enough information about it.
What are the ways of treatment?
Atropine 1 mg IV-style scarves are given in hypotension, along with complete heart block. Total dose of epinephrine may be repeated until it becomes 2 mg, 1 mg of 1: 10.000 IV scarves to be given in case of complete heart block associated with asystole, it may be repeated every 5 minutes. Isoproterenol drop in 1 mg and 250 mL of 5% dextrose or 5 micrograms per minute with normal saline perfusion as in patients despite the ongoing hypotension and bradycardia atropine treatment for one full infranodal AV block; the right ventricular endocardial, demand-pace maker that will give notice as soon as the need is located.

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